The Changing Global Economy Essay Example for Free

The Changing global Economy EssayThe argument for globalisation is an argument for International trade. Classical liberal economists have endlessly argued for the ease movement of all factors of production. Adam Smith had declared that nations have absolute advantaged that they leverage to erect cheaper and more than efficient production processes. David Ricardo argues in his theory of Comparative advantages that countries must utilize their relatively more abundant factors of production more intensively to produce higher levels of turnout. All this results in higher out site and therefore the world stands to gain through increased trade. Factor mobility run fors to stabilization of prices that result from goods and services despicable from one locating to another where the factor is scarce and fetches higher returns. Those who are against globalisation and trade habitation their debates on the infant industry argument which believes that small domestic players get adve rsely assumeed when voluminous foreign firms compete. The other argument they make is that that imports travail shifts of production where firms locate to foreign lands and cause unemployment. It is besides believed that globalisation leads to the dumping of suffering quality or toxic goods across the border.Reliance on imports leads to dependence, and exports cause injury to locally available resources that get diverted to foreign markets. Globalisation is also analysen as a phenomenon where the free flow of money and currency makes domestic economies extremely vulnerable to volatile foreign investments. This could lead countries to balance of payment difficulties and cause events such as the East Asian crisis in the mid nineties. What results is a situation where every minor turbulence in large economies like the US causes severe evince to developing and under developed economies.2. Huntington and the crash of civilizations Huntingtons famous hypothesis states that in the modern world, the clash of ideologies will convert into a clash of cultures. He argues that the cutting world order will see greater examples of conflict between various cultures of the world. His thesis is seen as a justification of the US war against Islamic nations and its aggression against countries like China. These clashes would come from a conflict that emanates whenever differing cultural paradigms come into contact with individually other and compete for global resources.The end of the cold war, according to Huntington, is the end of conflict based on ideology, where the capitalist and the communist bloc were engaged in war. This conflict ended with the collapse of the USSR and the coming tear of the Berlin Wall. Today, the emerging economies of the world are resurrecting fast and eroding the huge share in vulgar Domestic Product (GDP) of the world that is now held by the western countries. These new and emerging economies are place to nearly of the cultures of the world that are all opposed to the dominant western thought. This opposition would give deepen to global conflict.This is the conflict that Huntingdon terms as the Clash of civilizations that emerges in a world that is globalising at a fast pace. This globalisation is bringing together people from various cultures and this would manifest in a betrothal for domination. This then would cause conflicts among cultures. Huntingtons hypothesis has been debated endlessly and there are as many voices reinforcement the argument as there are that characterise Huntingtons theory as mischievous. 3. Institutional arrangements For a free parsimony, there are certain pre conditions that must be met.These are the protection of property rights, observation of contracts, law and order and a competitive environment. These pre conditions are met when these are institutionalized. These institutions then enable markets in any state and cause efficiency in market transactions and therefore result in g rowth. some(prenominal) of these institutions are put in place by the government by way of regulatory bodies and practice of law forces. Some of these institutions are created simultaneously by a society as it evolves. Markets function best when free and perfect information is available to all players.Competition in an economy comes out of the lack of barriers to admittance and exit from the market. Laws and policies that enable such an environment are all referred to as institutional arrangements. In most markets there is asymmetry of information and a differentiated access to factors of production. Such a situation prevents an economy from operating at full potential. Those states that ensure the existence of such institutions are the ones where sparing growth shares place to its full extent. Weak institutional arrangements favor some players in a market and adversely affect the rest.Market based solutions to such problems are usually the most sustainable and efficient mechan isms. This gives rise to poor governance structures and cause imperfection. It is not always the state that brings about these institutions. Sometimes institutional arrangements evolve and take firm roots in markets. Such informal institutional arrangements provide players with an eco system that enables innovation and growth. 4. Shifts in the world economy The two factors that clearly set apart the last 25 years of economic growth in the world are the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fast paced changes in technology. twain these events have lead to a globalised world where trade has more than quadrupled. Technological changes, especially the strides made in communication technology and transportation have enabled the world to shrink and become a global village. proceeding are now possible at lightning speeds, at the click of a mouse, between two entities find out in different corners of the globe. What has also been seen is the spurt in trade in services, and such was not the depicted object with the world earlier where all trade was for goods.Free trade has improved the chances of poor countries to enter new business internationally, and allow their firms to buy and sell various commodities and services. Domestic rules and standards become significant and issues such as restrictions on imports, exports, tariffs and duties become significant. (Ohmae, 1999). In all this the new entity that has emerged is that of the Multi National Corporation. MNCs today typically operate in several countries, where the source of raw material is one nation production takes place in a second country, assembly and packaging in a third and sales in a fourth.This has enabled firms to grow in size and shape and allow economies of scale to reduce costs of production and therefore prices. close to nations in the last 25 years have made currencies convertible and have ensured that internationally concordant norms and polices are put in place. A large credit for this goes to th e World Trade Organisation that has put in place a multi lateral agreement that allows for free trade between members. The MNC has leveraged these changes to emerge as a significant player in world economics.References 1. Clarke, G.and S. Wallsten, (2004), Has the Internet Increased Trade? Evidence from industrial and Developing Countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3215. 2. Edwards, S. (1989a), Openness, Trade Liberalization and stinting surgical procedure in Developing Countries, Working Paper No. 2908, NBER, Cambridge Mass. 3. North, D. (1990), Institutions Institutional Change and Economic Performance Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4. Ohmae, K. (1999) The Borderless World Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy. New York Harper Business.

Blackboard Assignment Essay Example for Free

Blackboard Assignment Essay1. I pay back recently engaged in a discussion with a couple of American soldiers who fought in Iraq. They talked about the deployment of their company in the divisions deep down the military zones in Iraq where they encountered several IEDs and AQI. Also, they said something about doing recon work with a bird and how they were lucky not to be a POW. All throughout the conversation, I remained clueless about the topic. I was not sufficient to share any inputs. If only the speaker would apologize the military jargons or better yet if they realise opted to use terms that were of common knowledge, I would have comprehended the conversation. Instead of using bird, they could have apply helicopter so as not to confuse the animal with an aircraft. On the other hand, I have also made this same mistake. During the time when I was applying for college, I unconsciously used some jargons to explain this activity to my younger sister. As a result, she kept on asking for the definition of the terms that I used which made the conversation awkward. After this incident, I realized that some terms are hostile to use especi in ally when the listener is not well-informed about the subject.However, if it is inevitable to use jargons in conversations, entertain sure to explain the terms in the context that everyone can relate. By doing this, the probability of misunderstanding and misinterpretation will be greatly reduced. 2. I think that the use of ambiguous language is prevalent because mess opt to generalize cultivation for convenience leaving more room for different interpretations. However, it only becomes wrong when it is intended to mislead the audience. In the case of the coal mine explosion in West Virginia, CNN inform that there were 12 survivors but in reality only 1 got out alive.This counterfeit information was based on the statement of a rescuer that they have found the miners and said that they are all ok, I guess, so (Eng lish). Instead of journalists further investigating this event, they have reported it as they heard it which brought false hopes and even caused pain to the families of the miners. Works Cited English, Larry P. Information Quality in Communication. 11 January 2006. Beye Network. 18 November 2008 http//www. b-eye-network. co. uk/view-articles/2215.

History of American football Essay Example for Free

History of American football game EssayEven though football is an American game its origins came from villages and schools in Europe for umpteen centuries before America was even settled by Europeans. They played in the streets and oddly used a lemon as their ball. Soon many universities started creating their own teams and competing against distributively other. It took awhile, however, because it was a very rough and violent game so many colleges criminalise the game. Walter Camp is considered to be the Father of American football. He is widely considered to be the most all-important(a) figure in the development of the game.When he was young, he excelled in sports like track, baseball, and soccer, and after enrolling at Yale in 1876, he earned varsity honors in every sport the school offered. Camp joined the Massasoit planetary house conventions where rules were debated and changed. He proposed his first rule change at the first meeting he attended in 1878. His idea was for there to be a reduction from fifteen players to eleven. The motion was rejected at that judgment of conviction but later passed in 1880. The effect was to open up the game and emphasize speed all over strength.Camps most famous change, the establishment of the declivity of scrimmage and the cinch from center to quarterback, was also passed in 1880. Originally, the snap was executed with the foot of the center. Later changes made it possible to snap the ball with the hands, either through the airmanship or by a direct hand-to-hand pass. Camps new scrimmage rules revolutionized the game, though not of all time as intended. Princeton, in particular, used scrimmage play to slow the game, making very slow age towards the end zone during each down.Rather than increase scoring, which had been Camps original intent, the rule was exploited to maintain fake of the ball for the entire game, resulting in slow, unexciting contests. At the 1882 rules meeting, Camp proposed that a team be needed to advance the ball a minimum of five yards within three downs. These down-and-distance rules, combined with the establishment of the line of scrimmage, transformed the game from a variation of rugby or soccer into the distinct sport of American football Camp was central to several more significant rule changes that make the American football we know today.In 1881, the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 53? yards. Several times in 1883, Camp changed the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for a touchdown, 2 points for kicks after touchdowns, deuce points for safeties, and five for field goals. In 1887, game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each. Also in 1887, two paid officials, a referee and an umpire, were required for each game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist, and in 1889, the officials were given whistles and stopwatches.

Obama Immigration Reform Essay Example for Free

Obama Immigration crystalise EssayCurrently, 11 million misbranded immigrants inha opus the unite States. This enactment lead continue to append without proper regulation of these aliens. Ever since his first inauguration, it has been President Barack Obamas legation to improve Americas mediocre immigration system. Since Obamas reelection for his second term, he has constantly stressed the fact that the new ideas for immigration reform are on the top of his list. non l whizsome(prenominal) al imprint these new reclaims help twain the legal and under-the-counter immigrants, and American citizens, but overly they will benefit the US economy. It has been a polemic argument whether Obamas reform ideas will either positively or negatively affect the US economy, but according to the bipartisan group of democrats and republicans, it is agreed that the positives greatly outweigh the negatives. After the bipartisan meeting on January 28th, 2013, in which both parties pri nciples were announced for comprehensive immigration reform (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com), Obama presented a spoken language on January 29th, 2013, which consisted of numerous solutions to the troubled immigration system presently used in the United States.This legal transfer not only contained these ideas, but also his plan of action to pursue them during his next four geezerhood in office. Obama proved to America that he would attempt to fulfill these reforms as soon as manageable by saying, It is time to fix the system that has been broken for way too long, (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com). The first, and arguably the close imperative, immigrant reform plan is to strengthen the US-Mexico borders security, strictly correlating with illegal immigrant crossings.Since Obama has been in office, the number of illegal crossings has shrunk down to most 80% from their peak in 2000 (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com). Some specific methods that are considered universe used to strengthen the US-Mexico border are maturation protection and number of border patrol agents, subjoin 350 miles of fencing, add 290 miles of vehicle barriers, invest in more cameras and radar towers, and fin all toldy, end the Catch Release insurance policy (USA Immigration Reform, USAimmigrationreform. org). Secondly, Obama desires to increase the enforcement efforts on illegal immigrant criminals who endanger the countrys communities.Thankfully, with Obama in office, the deportation of unregistered criminals is at its highest level than it has ever been before (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com). The third angle for this project is to reinforce the already-formed trance Act, which stands for Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors. The main purpose of this addition to the t cardinal of reforms is so the minors that traveled with their parents or guardians over the border (in this case, they are not responsible for being an illegal alien) are ensured opportunity, safety, and i mpact rights (Zuckerman-Bernstein, policymic. om). Providing conditional permanent residency to certain illegal minors of good moral character who alumnus from high schools in the United States is the platform of this act (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com).The fourth contribution in Obamas speech discussed worksite enforcement. It is strongly suggested that we implement a new national system that enables businesses to rapidly and accurately corroborate ones employment status, and even more emphasized, heighten and ramp up the penalties deserved by the businesses that still hire illegally (CNN Political Unit, CNN. om). Actions to be accounted for in this effort are moderating the number of documents accepted to verify identity and work eligibility, ensuring that all workers must hold legal status in the United States, increasing the fines and consequences for those continually hiring illegal workers, and lastly, to surge investigation of these employers (USA Immigration Reform, USAimmi grationreform. org). This topic is a bit more accentuated because the employment of illegal workers generates an unbalanced and un bring together workplace for American citizens.The companies that hire illegally be pass a battlefield for companies that do proceed to follow the law and pay decent takings, causing those of which to suffer. Not only are these loyal companies and businesses affected, but also is a majority of general working Americans. Their wages and working conditions are threatened, but Obama demands to protect each workers rights and clarifies this motion by stating, We will make sure that every worker and business in America is playing the same posit of rules, (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com).The fifth input could hold the most considerable amount of influence on illegal immigrants currently living in America, and for those who wish to come to America legally but unfortunately father a hard time doing so. Obamas idea of laying out a pathway to citizenship has cau ght the look and ears of many. This pathway consists of various forms of tests and agreements that attain to both present illegal immigrants and legal ones wishing to move, such as a background check, paying taxes, learning English, paying a penalty upon illegal entry and acquiring in back of the line behind the people who have waited to arrive legally (illegals only).Obama claims this is only fair (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com). There will be a revised naturalization test, with a focus on American democracy, US history, and what is expected of a US citizen. Also, a rise of immigrant coach training will help applicants through the immigration process. Finally, its planned to enhance the development of web-based learning tools to increase English language skills (USA Immigration Reform, USAimmigrationreform. org).Congress stresses that this pathway to citizenship is mainly focused on the 11 million unregistered aliens in America, but it is equally vital to deal with future immigra nts, as well, or the country whitethorn find itself housing more illegals and not progressing to a better America (Fox News, The Associated Press, foxnews. com). Lastly, Obamas final goal is to break our old fashioned system and bring it to the 21st century. The presidents opinion about visa card laws was that they are outdated and make no sense, (Fox News, The Associated Press, foxnews. com).He hopes to join family members with those who have come to earn a living already and to avoid the prolonged wait of future immigrants. Having to wait years before being able to send ones family to America is absurd to the President and surely to a majority of others (CNN Political Unit, CNN. com). These plans, ideas, and desires for a higher quality national immigration system will be assorted into a bill. Witnesses largely appealed to congress disposition to pass the bill because not only will this bill ameliorate the lives of immigrants and their families, but also the US economy (Fox News , The Associated Press, foxnews. om).Correspondingly, there is a plethora of reasons why a substantial immigration reform would positively impact the US economy. To begin, immigrants start businesses. The slight Business Administration says immigrants are 30% more likely to start a business compared to a native, and 18% of small business owners today are immigrants (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. gov). In addition, this reform would occasion an annual increase of 0. 8% points to the stinting growth rate, presently stuck at a frustrating 2% (CBN News, CBN. com).Additional boosts to the economic growth could emfly come from rising wages for newly legalized workers and higher productivity levels from the arrival of new, highly-skilled workers from afield (Krudy, NBCnews. com). To even further express the benefit of immigration reform, just in 2008, the Congressional Budget space projected an acquired $48 billion in revenue from 2008-2017, simply caused by a more efficient, modernize d national immigration system (Krudy, NBCnews. com). Continuing on from the point above, immigrant-owned businesses create jobs for Americans.The Fiscal Policy found stated that small businesses owned by immigrants employed about 4. 7 million people in 2007. These businesses generated over $776 billion annually. With this statistic, it only makes sense to assume that this ratio will continually grow in the future since more businesses will be started. Also, the Center of American Progress affirmed that comprehensive immigration reform would create jobs 900,000 people got jobs within 3 years from the increase of immigrant consumer spending (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. ov). Yes, immigrants will charge the US in creating jobs for its native citizens, but it is also true that immigrants are more likely to create their own jobs as well. The Department of Labor claimed that 7. 5% of foreign born people in the United States are self-employed, while only 6. 6% of native born are self-em ployed (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. gov). Immigrants are also a great contributor to the economy because they have and probably will continue to create streetwise technology and companies.Big businesses like Google, Yahoo, Intel and eBay were all produced with the help of immigrants, and 25% of public US companies were started by them (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. gov). Alone, these palmy businesses create an influx of earnings for the American economy. The earnings developed from these businesses wouldnt reach their full potential without the help of immigrants. Between 1990 and 2004, an accession of immigration correlated with increased earnings of about 0. 7% annually, record from studies at University of California (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. ov).Oddly enough, it is proven that immigrants earn greater degrees than non-immigrants. Surprisingly, with all of Americas exceptional education programs, only 16% of the resident population holds a bachelors degree. Immigrants repre sent 33% of Americas engineers, 27% of mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists, and 34% of physical scientists (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. gov). Another reason to implement this bill immediately is because reform legislation would reduce the deficit.The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office says that if the 2010 version of the dream Act was used, the federal deficit would be abated $2. 2 trillion over a course of 10 years because of accumulated tax revenues (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. gov). The consensus among economists said the new reform would maximize housing demand, encourage entrepreneurship, and come on tax revenues, which in total would sufficiently aid the budget deficit (CBN News, CBNnews. com). So basically, the consensus among economists has determined immigration reform as a net benefit.Economist Giovanni Peri plans to utilize a cap-and-trade visa system, which would induce a profit of $1. 2 billion a year (Krudy, NBCnews. com). Finally, immigratio n reform would increase Americas gross domestic product. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office asserted that even under low investment assumptions, immigration reform would raise the GDP by 0. 8%-1. 3% from 2012-2016 (Gray, Furman, thewhitehouse. gov). As one can see, President Barack Obama has put forth a much needed effort in the mission to create a noteworthy national immigration system.With all of these fair and effective plans and ideas, not one foreigner should have to think twice about becoming an American citizen, considering it is for the benefit of themselves, their family, the United States and its economy. The study Council of La Raza, the League of United Latin American Citizens, and the International Secretary of the Service Employees International Union, all of these tied in with immigration policies, issued a joint statement saying The time to act is now, (Zuckerman-Bernstein, policymic. com).

The Knee Joint Paper Essay Example for Free

The genu critical point colligation Joint Paper EssayOf the joints in the human body, the genu joint joint is the or so susceptible to injuries. Because this joint carries much of the body weight, and beside the fact that it was designed to do much of the human activities, the human knee joint accounts for the most common joint injuries. Its cardinal primary motions atomic number 18 flexion and extension, and a little rotational and squint motion. It is also because of this design that the knee is so vulnerable to injury. (M. Mullin and K. Stone)The knee has basically five major part the rises, the muscles, ligaments, gristle and tendons. It is the function of the bone to support the knee and give the joint a rigid structure. on that point are four bones that make up the knee first, the femur, which is also referred to as the thighbone or the upper leg bone. (University of Utah, Heath Sciences Center, 2003) This erect bone is given by the ligaments and a capsule to some other bone the tibia. Tibia is the larger bone of the knee which is called the shin bone. Parallel to the tibia is another bone called the fibula located below the tibia. The knee cap or the patella is another bone that consists the knee which rides on the joint as the knee bends. (Center for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 1999) It is the function of the muscles to move the joint. The knee joint consists of two kinds of muscles the quadriceps and the hamstrings. The quadriceps muscles straighten the legs, and are situated at the front of the thighs. The hamstring muscles, which are located at the game of the thighs, are the ones bending the legs at the knee. All groups of muscles are connected to the knee bones by thick fibrous cords called the tendons. (Mayo Clinic, 2006) Patellar tendons connect the quadriceps muscles to the tibia, which are the ones prone to knee joint problems called, tendonitis. The bones of the knee are connected by ligaments, which functions are b asically to energize and hold the joint together. These elastic meanders also provide cherishion to the joint by limiting the regressive and forward movement of the knee. At the center of the joint are the cruciate ligaments called the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), which is attached to the depression in front of the tibia and passes upward, backward and lateral ward and fixed into the medial and back part of the lateral condoyle of the femur. (H. Gray, 1918)It is considered the key guide wire in the knee joint and is crucial for channelise the tibia in a dominion path a grand the end of the femur. (Mullin and Stone) The Posterior Cruciate ligaments (PCL) protect the joint by preventing the femur from sliding forward on the tibia, and the tibia from sliding backwards n the femur. The media Collateral ligament (MCL) provides protection to the upcountry part of the knee and the lateral Collateral ligament (CLC) on the outer part.The C-shaped tissue called the meniscus or the m enisci cartilage allows the bones to freely slide on each other. They serve as shock absorbers and bone protector. Around the knee joint are little fluid sacs called bursa. These sacs help the muscles and the tendons to freely slide as the knee moves. (Center for Orthopaedics) There are five medial bursas and four lateral bursas. The knee is prone to injuries and especially those who are engaged in activities that enable the knee to be overused. These people, most oftentimes athletes experience different kinds of pain in the knee joint as a result of injury, mental strain and wear of the joint. Common to athletes are the ligament injuries called sprain or the injury to the cruciate ligaments.This injury happens when the ACL is stretch or torn by sudden twisting motion, as when the feet are planted one modal value and the knees are turned another. (Healthlink 2005) Football players often experience a PCL injury during a football tackle. concussion sports like hockey and football c ause injury to the MCL and the CCL, where the said ligament is torn and stretch at the inner side of the knee due to a sudden blow to the outer side of the knee called a contact trauma. Tendonitis or the jumpers knee is caused by an overuse of the tendon. As the depot implies, this injury is experienced by athletes who are engaged in sports like basketball, which require jumping and foot race do a strain in the tendon. Dancers, cyclists, skiers and runners are as victims of this injury. With these activities, the tendon is stretched to the pint that it becomes like a worn-out rubber band and when this happens, it will swell. Muscle contraction happens after a jump or fall, and that repeated force causes strain to the tendons. What is worse is that such contraction, as when trying to break a fall, may tear the quadriceps muscles above and below the patella. Tendonitis causes a person to looking pain during travel rapidly and jumping or even when in a hurried walking. Bending, extending and lifting the leg will also be difficult. A pain arising between the patella and the femur is called Chondromalacia, which is characterized by the softening of the articular cartilage of the knee cap. (Mayo Clinic) With this injury, the knee cap rubs against the thigh bone which makes the cartilage rough. As a result, the person will feel pain in front of the knee when climbing the stairs or when sitting for a long period. This injury is common to skiers, soccer players and cyclists who, among other athletes are prone to having a blow in the knee cap resulting to a tear of the cartilage. Such contacts can also tear off a large fragment of the cartilage containing a piece of bone. Injury to the meniscus typically results from a twist or torque to the knee while the foot stays still. (Mullin and Stone) A tear in the meniscus may cause the joint to lock especially when there is a flap of the torn cartilage. When there is only a small tear, mild pain and moderate swelling o f the knee lasts up to 48 hours withal large lengthwise tear causes the joint to lock making hard for the person to straighten the knee. outdo runners are prone to Illiotibial Band Syndrome which happens when the ligament in the illiotibial band becomes tight enabling it to rub against the outer allot of the femur. Pains caused by this injury are felt when waking and when going up and down the stairs. excessively associated with running activities is the Osgood-Schatter Disease, where an inflammation of the patellar tendon is involved. This injury happens when the tendon is stretch too much causing it to tear away from the tibia and in some cases takes a bone fragment. A pain reasonable below the knee is experienced with this injury, and is however treated just with a rest. Having the fact that the knee joint is susceptible to many injuries, experts advice that a person must always maintain strong and flexible muscles. The cartilage and ligaments must always be kept smooth and strong. Good diet and proper exercise are always on the list of preventive measures. Lastly, let us remember that anything that goes below and beyond normal causes problems, not only to the knee, but the body as a wholeWORKS CITEDGray, Henry 1918. public figure of the Human Body Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from http//www.bartleby.com/107/93.htmMullin, Michael and Kevin Stone. Athletic Injuries of the genu and Shoulder Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from http//www.stoneclinic.com/injuries.htmThe Center for orthopeadics and Sports Medicine. Knee Joint-Anatomy and part Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from http//www.arthroscopy.com/sp05001.htmThe Mayo Clinic Staff. Knee Pain Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/knee-pain/DS00555/DSECTIoN2The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and flake off Diseases. Knee Injuries and Problems Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment May 01, 2001. Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from http//healthlink.mew.edu/a rticle/92605352.htmlUniversity of Utah Health Sciences Center Knee Pains and Problems November 2001. Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from http//uuhsc.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/orthpaedics/kneepain.htm

The Discovery Telomerase Essay Example for Free

The discovery Telomerase EssayThe elongated chromosomes of eukaryotes ar more complex than the circular chromosomes of the bacteria. Due to the biochemical properties of DNA polymerases, the comeback of the eukaryotic chromosomes poses a special problem the maintenance of the length of the linear chromosomes. However, it was discovered that a bizarre enzyme complex appears to play a crucial in maintaining the length of eukaryotic chromosomes. This enzyme is known as the telomerase. Its regulatory action on the eukaryotic jail cell implies that it may also be involved in the solve of aging and in the development of cancer cells. In this paper, the telomerase becomes the focus of study. The discovery, properties, and functions of the telomerase inside the eukaryotic cells will be described, based on the recent scientific studies that have been conducted ab come forth them. And finally, current and potential applications that involve this enzyme, in the field of biotechnology, will be presented. The Discovery of Telomerase When the telomerase was first discovered by Carol Greider in 1984, many a(prenominal) geneticists and molecular biologists like her have already been puzzling over the observation that the tips of chromosomes are stabilised by telomeres.Telomeres are mere regions in the DNA in which sections of them are no longer copied during the surgery of cell division and chromosome replication (Vermolen 2005). hardly the fact that a small section of a telomere is not copied should progeny in shorter telomeres in the daughter cells. Strangely, this does not occur and scientists can only surmise that something maintains the length of the telomere and it could be an enzyme that is yet unknown. Then, on that fateful Christmas Day in 1984, Greider found the elusive enzyme through the use of autoradiography (Skloot 2001).The telomerase is the enzyme that is liable for maintaining the genetic material found at the tips of the chromosomes. The Propert ies of Telomerase The telomerase is an enzyme and this brings to mind 2 basic characteristics. First, any enzyme is composed of a protein. In the case of telomerase, the protein is the RNA and it can be considered as a ribozyme (Brown 2005). And second, any enzyme is a cancel catalyst of all chemical reactions within the body of an organism. This pisseds that the telomerase facilitates a vital biochemical reaction.But the exact mechanism that the telomerase executes to maintain the length of the telomere during chromosomal replication can only be refractory if the properties of it are known. And the properties can be known if the specific nature of the social system of the RNA is established. The telomerase is composed of two components, the essential RNA and the TERT. The latter, which stands for telomerase bump transcriptase, is the catalytic protein. It contains sequence needs homologous to those in the catalytic domain of reverse transcriptase enzymes (Chen Greider 2004, p.14683). This is concluded because the TERT is remains the same in all eukaryotes. The structure of the RNA component, however, is more challenging to characterise. This is because the telomerase RNA varies in terms of size and sequence. Fortunately, the overall structure of the telomerase RNA in many ciliates and vertebrates was finally established (Chen, Blasco Greider 2000). The common process utilized was the phylogenetic analysis (Tzfati 2003). However, the characterization of telomerase RNA did not die similarities.There are large differences among the telomerase RNA structures of different organisms. For example, the RNA of ciliates has a conserved sequence motif found in helix I (Lai 2002), where as the RNA of yeasts seeks several helical regions as the spine sites for the telomerases Est1 protein (Peterson et al 2001). Thus, there was a need to ascertain a core structure. This core structure is also referred to as the secondary Blackburn (2004) and her colleagues, by using telomerase RNAs of yeasts, proposed a core structure out of the process of delineating nucleotides and base pairings.They showed that a pseudoknot structure is an essential component of the telomerase RNA because it plays an important role during the screen process. chassis 1 The TERT binding and the pseudoknot The Functions of Telomerase The most obvious function of the telomerase, as stated before, is the maintenance of the length of the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes. This is carried out through a process known as reverse transcription. But, among scientists, this general statement is insufficient, peculiarly before the advancing knowledge in biochemistry.And now that the structure of the telomerase is established, the next question to be answered is how the telomerase truly and specifically works. There is no consensus so far, but the results of various studies can be combined to take a crap a better picture of the function of telomerase. Here are three of the most significant ones. First, it was heavily established by several studies that there is a long-range base-pairing that occurs at the Est2 binding site (Chappell Lundblad 2004 Dandjinou et al 2004 Lin et al 2004 Zapulla Cech 2004).Second, the pseudoknot performs various functions binding at Est2 among yeasts and other replication-related activities among vertebrates (Livengood et al 2002). And third, the TERT proteins of the telomerase locate specific domains and these domains are referred to as motif T. This motif T is vital for RNA binding (Friedman Cech 1999 Kelleher et al 2002). The specific actions of the two components of the telomerase are vital towards the determining its applications. Current and Potential Applications of TelomeraseThere have been several misunderstandings about the application of telomerase in the field of biotechnology. The most popular false notion about telomerase is that it is the fountain of youth. Telomerase does not make a person stay young forever. What the telomerase can do is to support the replication of the chromosome and then, after many years, leave alone the state of senescence. It must be remembered that the telomerase only act upon the tips of the chromosomes and not on the lifestyle of a person.This implies that if a person decides to live a dangerous or unhealthy lifestyle, neither his telomerase nor any modification on this enzyme will ever prevent his early death. The telomerase does not immortalize any organism. But this does not mean that the telomerase has no significant application. One of the most significant applications of telomerase is in the field of oncology. That is, the telomerase has been found to act abnormally during the replication of cancer cells. In normal cells, the action of telomerase ceases right after the chromosomal replication.But in cancer cells, the telomerase remains active. Scientists assume that there must be some structural difference in the midst of the telomerase of normal cells and that of cancer cells. If the structural difference is found, it might be possible for molecular biologists to seek out cancerous cells by seeking the telomerase only. Then, a person who has cancer at the early stages can be diagnosed immediately and can utilize cancer therapeutic treatments that involve the inhibition of the abnormal telomerase (Shay et al 2001). closedownThe discovery of the telomerase is one of the most significant events in science history. It can be considered as vital as the discovery of the double helix structure of the DNA. This is because this enzyme allows the accurate and regulated replication of the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes. But, only if as the discovery of the enzyme was challenging, the establishment of its properties and functions are equally difficult to carry out. Yet, molecular biologists persevere and came up with interesting possible applications of telomerase. BibliographyBlackburn, EH, Lin, J, Ly, H, Hussain, A, Abraham, M, Pearl, S, Tzfati, Y, Parslow, TG 2004, A universal telomerase RNA core structure includes structured motifs required for binding the telomerase reverse transcriptase protein legal proceeding of the issue honorary society of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. ci, no. 41, October, pp. 14713-14718, National Academy of Sciences pnas. 0405879101 viewed 10 September 2007, http//www. pnas. org/cgi/content/abstract/101/41/14713. Brown, J 2005, What the Heck is an Enzyme Bugs in the News, viewed 10 September 2007, http//people. ku. edu/jbrown/whatheck.html. Chappell, AS, Lundblad, V 2004, Structural Elements Required for Association of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Telomerase RNA with the Est2 Reverse Transcriptase Molecular Cell Biology, 24 7720-7736. Chen, JL, Blasco, MA, Greider, CW 2000, Secondary structure of vertebrate telomerase RNA Cell, 100 503-514. Chen, JL, Greider, CW 2004, An emerging consensus for telomerase RNA structure Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 41, October, pp. 14683-14684, National Academy of Sciences pnas. 0406204101 viewed 10 September 2007, http//www.pnas. org/cgi/content/full/101/41/14683. Dandjinou, At, Levesque, N, Larose, S, Lucier, JF, Abou-Elela, S, Wellinger RJ 2004, A phylogenetically based secondary structure for the yeast telomerase RNA Current Biology, 14 1148-1158. Friedman, KL, Cech, TR 1999, Essential functions of amino-terminal domains in the yeast telomerase catalytic subunit revealed by selection for viable mutants Genes Dev. 13 28632874. Kelleher, C, Teixeira, MT, Forstemann, K, Lingner, J 2002, Telomerase biochemical considerations for enzyme and substrate Trends Biochem. Sci. 27 572579.Lai, CK, Miller, MC, Collins, K 2002, Template boundary definition in Tetrahymena telomerase Genes Development, 16 415420. Lin, J, Ly, H, Hussain, A, Abraham, M, Pearl, S, Tzfati, Y, Parslow, TG, Blackburn, EH 2004, A universal telomerase RNA core structure includes struc tured motifs required for binding the telomerase reverse transcriptase protein Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 41, October, pp. 14713-14718 Livengood, AJ, Zaug, AJ, Cech, TR 2002, Essential Regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Telomerase RNA Separate Elements for Est1p and Est2p Interaction Mol.Cell. Biol. 22 23662374 Peterson, SE, Stellwagen, AE, Diede, SJ, Singer, MS, Haimberger, ZW, Johnson, CO, Tzoneva, M. Gottschling, DE 2001, The function of a stem-loop in telomerase RNA is linked to the DNA repair protein Ku Nat. Genet. 27 6467. Shay, J, Zou, Y, Hiyama, E, Woodring, EW 2001, Telomerase and cancer Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 677-685. Skloot, R 2001, The Marvels of Telomerase Hopkins Medical News, winter 2001, viewed 10 September 2007, http//www. hopkinsmedicine. org/hmn/W01/top. html.Tzfati, Y, Knight, Z, Roy, J, Blackburn, E H 2003, A novel pseudoknot element is essential for the action of a yeast telomerase, Genes Development 17 17791788. Vermolen, BJ, Garini, Y, Mai, S, Mougey, V, Fest, T, Chuang, TCY, Chuang, AYC, Wark, L, Young, IT 2005, Characterizing the Three-Dimensional Organization of Telomeres Cytometry, 67A 144-150. Zapulla, DC, Cech, TR 2004, Yeast telomerase RNA A flexible scaffold for protein subunits Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.

Relationship between creativity and parenting among preschool children

Relationship betwixt creativity and p benting among preschool electric razorrenPargonnting is potenti exclusivelyy a prominent process which usurps childs biophysical, psychological, social, and spiritual outgrowth. According to researches pargonnting fashions pass on a pivotal role in childrens development(Holden Edwards,1989Baumrind,1991DarlingSteinberg,1993Chao,1994Paulson,1994Lorenz,Hoven,AndrewsBird,1995Reissetal.1995PalmerHollin,1996Radziszewska,Richardson,DentFlay,1996Holdren,1997,Querido,Warner,Eyberg,2002Sabbatini,Leaper,2004Dixon,Hamilton-Giachritis Browne,2005) .Due to the fact that parents are the first people who interact with children in the environment, parenting expressive manner is considered to be an important factor in childrens growth (Steinberg, Elmen, Mounts, 1989 Pratt, 1988 Xie, 1996). since it has impact on various dimensions of child development such as physical, cognitive , emotional, social and language development.Unfortunately, galore(postno minal) parents lack training on how to bequeath a good home environment and how to use good parenting practices to back up their childrens abilities. Teachers and other puerility professionals are key resource persons who can disseminate protestation to parents and encourage parents to choose effective parenting mood. It is a wellspring -k at presentn fact that parenting meanss set the environmental and emotional context for childrens development.Many writers have noted that specific parenting practices are slight important in predicting child well-being than is the broad pattern of parenting. Most researchers who try to run this broad parental setting rely on Diana Baumrinds concept of parenting style. The construct of parenting style is used to prehend normal variations in parents attempts to control and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Diana Baumrind (1966) was the first researcher who made lots of effort in researching or so the conception of parenting style and its various types she classified parenting style into three types of authoritarian, bailable and authoritative.the authoritarian parenting style is characterized by being elevatedly challenging and less responsive. The authoritarian parent is inflexible, rough, and demanding. Coarse parents usually crash in this category (It is worth saying that Baumrind added the point that not all authoritarian parents are abusive) (Diana Baumrind 1966).permissive parents are less taxing however highly responsive. The permissive parent is excessively responsive to the childs necessitate in the way that they rarely apply orderly rules. The outcome of permissive parenting would usually be the mishandle child (Diana Baumrinds 1966).Children are all born with certain set of characteristics and abilities which may be cultivated ground on the surrounding environment. Creativity is among these characteristics and since each child is born with the instinctive ability to be creative, all children have the right to be given the opportunity to discover, use and nurture this inborn gift. All children have capacity to be creative and children should have the opportunity to show their ability to be creative (Torrance 1970). thusly parents must create an atmosphere conducive to develop creativity.Definitions of creativity are not straightforward and especial(a) so that we come across various writers contributing to the disputation about the constitution of creativity with varied views. However most theorists come to the same point that the creative process in all its variant definitions share some common aspects which are imagination, originality, productivity, problem solving and the ability to create an outcome of determine and worth hence creativity can be defined as a process of thought process and responding that is engaged with connecting with our prior experience, making response to incentives (objects, ideas, symbols, people, situations) and bring into being at leas t one fantastic combination. E. Paul Torrance (1997), one of the leading researchers in the field of creativity, defined creativity as the process of signal detection problems, forming ideas, and deriving unprecedented solutions of unique problems with elaboration and embellishment.The news report of creativity in young children has been approached form disparate point of views. in that respect has been several investigations examining parental and family influences on preschoolers creativity . Bomba ,Moran, and Goble(1991) organized a study on children and their parents to explore the consanguinity between familial style and preschoolers creative potential. Findings revealed that children of families who were flexible in their family structure got high scores on a creativity test.Statement of ProblemThe parents and learning environment during early childhood have great impact on child outcomes .There are evidences that show how parents can influence on children such as famil y income, parentsoccupatios and parents reading. Infect parents are influential person through of the childs life. They have essential line to teach children new skills and who are the first teachers. There are several styles that parents chose during the parenting and each one has bad-tempered influence on children. Baumrid was the first researcher that use parenting style concept and other research until now show that significant effect parenting style on all aspect of child outcomes.Therefore sense of how and what influences parenting style is significant when researches have shown relationship between parenting style and positive and negative children outcomes. Negative outcomes including take disorders, aggression, low academic performance, depression and positive outcome such as high academic achievement, ego esteem. The problem being addressed in this study is to investigate the relationship between parenting style and creativity take aim of Iranian preschool children live in Malaysia.http//www.informaworld.com/smpp/contentcontent=a727330303db=allearly education and children outcomes 2005nfluences of parents education on their childrens educational attainments the role of parent and child perceptionsPurpose of studyThe major purpose of this study is to explore relationship between parenting style namely authoritative, authoritarian and permissive and creativity among preschool children.The second purpose of study is that provides information to parents on the effects of their styles on creativity and their childrens performance in creativity. It provides information about the creativity level of Iranian preschool children as well as provides information about parenting style in Iranian students.There are some reasons to show this study is useful first reason is that recently thither is more(prenominal) focus on child development than before and that parents must be more educated about their parenting styles .Second reason is that the researches show lack of awareness of parents about parenting styles they choose which has direct influence on the child outcomes .For the third reason, the findings will help professionals and educators in early childhood area to design suitable programs to parents in order to enhance their knowledge about parenting and parenting styles .Research questionsThe research questions for this study are as linesIs there any relationship between authoritative Iranian parents and their child creativity?Is there any relationship between authoritarian Iranian parents and their child creativity?Is there any relationship between permissive Iranian parents and theirchild creativity?Limitation of studyIn this study only Iranian parents in Malaysia will be used as sample since I am Iranian and my concern is to inform the Iranian parents how their parenting style will influence their children creativity.The second limitation is the questionnaire is in English language.Third, this study is shake out in publi c Iranian preschool.Operational definitionsThe pursuance concepts were nominally defined for this studyParenting style Parenting is a complicated set of activities which involves much particular behaviour that work independently and collectively to affect child outcomes. Parenting has such a significant role in childs life that determines the nature of children s following life and even their future parenting styles. (GearyFlinn, 2001 Keller, 2001). Darling and Steinberg (1993) define a parenting style as the emotional climate in which parents raise their children.Darling and Steinberg defined parenting style asA constellation of attitudes toward the child that are communicated to the child and that taken together, create an emotional climate in which the parents behaviors are expressed. These behaviors include both the specific, purposeful behaviors through which parents perform their paternal duties and non-goal-directed parental behaviors, such as gestures, changes in tone of voice, or the unwritten expression of emotion.(DarlingStenberg,1993,p.3).Diana Baumrind conducted an interview with parents of preschool children and observed the interaction between parents and children and based on the result she believed that parenting styles have twain important dimensions (Baumrind,1971,1978,1989). The first one wasparental responsiveness and the second one was parental demandigness. Parental responsiveness refers to parents regard on childs needs. Parental demandiingness refers to the demands which are made by parents on their children to become unified into the family and the society. She described parenting style in three categories authoritarian, authoritative and permissive .Authoritarian parenting styleAuthoritarian parenting style is described with high demandingness but low responsiveness. Authoritarian parents do not express ideas or reasons behind their rules for their children and children have to follow the rules unconditionally. Attitude of thes e parents is that the child must do whatever they say. The authoritarian parents communicate less with their children and they use penalization if the children do not accept the rules.Authoritative parenting styleAuthoritative parenting style is the most appropriate regularity with the best outcomes .Parents have moderate demanding and moderate responsiveness. They have reasonable requests to child, they show love and affection, and they listen to childs views, they encourage children to be independent. Authoritative parents explain to the child the reasoning behind their rules and control. (Baumrind,1966)Permissive parenting stylePermissive parenting style is described with high responsiveness however low demandingness .Permissive parents tend to give more freedom to children and less control, guidance and punishment. The child can do whatever she or he wants unconditionally. children of permissive parents show traits such as low self-esteem and lack of independency.CreativitySev eral experts define creativity in many various ways and each researcher has his own definition on creativity and in highest compute of definitions, creativity is making new thing, originality, unusual, unexpected, valuable etc.(preschool education book).Torrances definition of creativity (1974)A process of seemly sensitive to problems, deficiencies, gaps in knowledge, missing elements, disharmonies, and so on identifying the difficult searching for solutions, making guesses or formulating hypotheses about the deficiencies testing and retesting these hypotheses and possibly modifying and retesting them and finally communicating the results (p.8).Preschool childrenBased on Malaysian curriculum, children between 4 to 6 is located under preschoolMethodologyThis research is a quantifiable study and the data will collate by questioners.InstrumentationThe instrument used in this study will be TCAM ( Torrance 1981) to measur creativity in preschool children and will also use a version of the parenting styles and Dimensions Questionnaire(PSDQ) (Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen, Hart, 2001) to collect data. Method analysing data is by the quantitative data analysis .Spss version 17 will be used in this study.SampleA total of 100 Iranian parents in Kuala Lumpur (50 females and 50 males) and 50 preschool children from Iran will be included in this study.http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20056147/