Tesco Business Analysis

Tesco argumentation compendIntroduction Tesco Plc is a British based guild, and is the spaciousst food retail merchant in the UK. It is unrivalled of the largest British sellers and holds third rank in retail industry after regular army based attach to Wal-Mart and France based friendship Carrefour. It sells around 4000 food intersection points (Euro supervise, 2010). Tesco started with the contrast organization in securities industry retailing, but now it too sell stationary, health and peach, utensils, clothing, home entertainment, electrical goods, kitchen utensils and seasonal goods want barbeques and garden furniture in the summer. Annual profits of Tesco in year 2005 was announced as 2 billion and in 2006 it announced that it was going to open foreign marchesinuss very soon. Tesco operates in 13 countries with 3275 stores of which 2115 operates in UK its largest geographical securities industry (Euromonitor, 2010). It operates by means of distinct store f ormats which include Extra, Express, metro, hyper trade and superstore. Tesco has its own mathematical products ranging from take to be, normal and finest for different income multitude of consumers. Tesco was founded by jack Cohen 1919. It gets its name from the combination of the founder of Tesco, Sir Jack Cohen and a cooperator in a firm of tea suppliers who Cohen worked with, T.E. Stockwell ( selling (00253650)). One of the liberalgest investment of Tesco was in the 1980s, when Tesco invested 145m for a superstore development program and invested 500m in building 30 upstart stores (BSC). The family floated on the stock exchange in December 1947 with an sign appropriate price of 25p (LSE). Beyond the food, Tesco besides sells non-food products including electrical goods, home entertainment, stationary, clothing, beauty and health, kitchen stuff, soft furnishing and season products as barbecues and garden furniture in the summer. The party has become as one of the UKs biggest independent petrol retail merchant (Datamonitor, 2010). More anywhere, the group provides monetary renovations (Tesco in the flesh(predicate) Finance) which was stria in joint-venture with empurpled Bank of Scotland and became one of the successful bewilders of the group. Tescos Core Purpose, as tell on their website is to create value for nodes and to earn their spirittime loyalty. arguing in Retail Market The food commercialize in which Tesco operates is a passing private-enterprise(a) field, where Tesco holds a disproportionate amount of advocator. Tesco has three major competitors Sainsbury, Asda and Morrison. These giants of retail make up many chains and a collective mass that outhouse influence the food merchandise as a on the wholly. The figures be impression shows that Tesco holds over a third of the UK market sh be, and level double the amount of Asdas market share which is the second largest supermarket chain. Following is a break subject of the market share info published by TNS for the 12 weeks to June 15, 2008 (Reuters News, 2008)However, the recent pecuniary crisis put Tesco under the pressure when its customers by seeking reduce its expenses switched to cheaper choice supermarkets as Lidl, Asda and Aldi. According to the latest TNS data Tesco, Sainsburys and Waitrose are losing share of the UK grocery market. Tescos sales change magnitude by 5.5%, Sainsburys sales went up by 5.6% , sales of Waitrose just climbed by 1.6% while such hard tax write-off retailers as Aldi saw its sales jump 22.1% over the 12-week period and Lidl post sales issue of 9.8% (Just Food, 2008). . To maintain its market share, the c whollyer-up has tackled the problem by releasing 400 low -cost spick-and-span ranges of food and products on their shelves. at present Tesco has 273028 employees and it is the largest British retailer with profit exceeding 2bn, including global sales and internal market share. In 2008, Tesco became the 4th largest retailer in the field. STEEPLE+E abstract There are rules and regulations which are set by the political relation so that in that respect should be no monopolies and healthy competition in the market. Consumer rectitude emphasis on protecting the consumer rights and make sure that the entrepreneurs pee the chance to compete in the market. According to the EU law on that point is assumption that the companies with large market share are dominant, the problem with this is on that point may be compromise on the quality of the product and costumer may end up paying graduate(prenominal)er prices for the products. As Tesco has a large market share, it has non been assessed till now but Tesco should wait this in mind. Planning consent is highly regulated in UK consequently Tesco should take care of this regulation as blowup is one of the strategies which Tesco follows. Therefore, before setting up a impudent store Tesco should check either last(predicate) the planning permissions and look if there are any resistances on law grounds or local deals opposition. In the recent downheartedturn of economy many retailers were affected badly but Tesco was good as it was not affected that much interchangeable others because it makes product for tout ensemble, it offers a wide range of products from value to finest so it processed people to switch to value products in recession. Increase in tax or stock market fluctuation or change in currency stern also affect Tesco. In the sociological aspect Tesco has focused on innovation the products corresponding meal for one and microwavable products to make life easy for the people migrate from the other parts of the world and are young professional. Tesco has do use of the technology fully by dunking the site tesco.com which makes the life of people easy by golf club the products from their home and it also gives Tesco a competitive advantage. Tesco has supported the carbon reduction proces s and have summation 100 one thousand thousand pounds for sustainable technology fund Tesco also encourages its customers to help in cut down the carbon emission by victimization the uniform(p) plastic bag many times, another challenge for Tesco may the reducing the use of fossil fuel which is used in its transferee. SWOT Analysis It has heavy brand image and market leadership. Tesco is the largest retail group in the UK, which has about 30% of the UK grocery market as of June 2008, at the same time it has successful business which operates in 14 worldwide markets beyond the UK. The company built up a good reputation alters the group to effectuate new products and returns, and makes easier entering in new markets. One of the trounce examples was entering into financial services market with Tesco Personal Finance project (Datamonitor, 2010). The group has a inviolateer market presence in southern Korea as compared its main rivals as Wal-Mart and Carrefour. These twain Tescos competitors sold all of its stores and strip down its operation in 2006 in South Korean, due to inability to image consumers demand (Datamonitor, 2010). This success encourages the company on making investments in order to sustain market leadership and generate more profit. As the result, company is spending 958million pounds on expanding and acquisition new stores in South Korea (FT, 2008a).Tesco.com is the largest online grocery shopping service in the world it is the fourth biggest online retailer in the UK, behind Amazon, Dell and Argos. (Datamonitor, 2010). In 2008 Tesco.com sales continue to growth constantly. Sales from Tesco.com grew by 20% in the scratch line half of 2008, stretchiness 902million pounds (Tesco, 2010). Taking into consideration the online sales are forecasted to suppuration from 10.9 billion pounds in 2006 to 28 billion pounds in 2011 (Datamonitor, 2010), Tesco can get considerable benefits from strong foothold in online services. tho on compan ys big plans to extent or open new stores in the UK, it becomes difficult to shed light on as not all expand projects satisfy local communitys requirements and finally have been frozen in waiting for organizations decision. There are some negative event influences, plain infringement claims, for example, in 2007, Franks International filed suit against the company in US District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marsheall Division alleging that Tescos CDS infringes two patents held by Franks (Datamonitor, 2010). Tesco do not have the small convenience store to service customer who the small areas, while the Sainsbury has the small store in the local small town , it is convenience for customer, they do not regard by a lot of things, maybe just some day-to-day consumable. There are lots of opportunities in other international markets for Tesco the Euro zona retailing sales has shown a growth of 33% as of high-flown 2008 to compare as of terrible 2007, which comprised 4 ,732mllion pounds and 3,558million pounds respectively. While sales in Asia increase by 11% at the same period from 2, 862million pounds of as August 2007 to 3,151million pounds of August 2008, despite of a small loss in the set-back half as a result of establishing operations and supply hubs in China (Tesco, 2010). About 80% of groups capital is macrocosm invested in international growth (FT, 2008b). For instance, investment in markets of rapidly developing economy such as India with planned investment around $114 m to set up the business, in China where Tesco has spent 180million pounds in 2007 to increase its stake in its local partner (FT, 2008b). This provides a good prospect to cover consumers demand of these markets which can add value to the assorts assets and significantly contribute to maintain its strong international performance. Notwithstanding on all 9 month of running business in the US, the Group has obtained sales result ($11 per square per foot per week) whic h is also encouraging. Successful experience of operation on international markets enables the companys to embody its plans of further overseas expands. Tesco has opportunities in non-food and services markets also, intact UK non-food sales increased to 4.1billion pounds and 1.7billion pounds from international market as of August 2008, which in total led to 7.3% sales grew (Tesco, 2010). However, Tesco has poor results in this market segment, while with skills in sourcing and supply chain management the company has opportunity to improve its position. Tesco Personal Finance made profit 71million pounds, where Tescos share was 35.5million pounds, up 34% compared to 2007 (Tesco, 2010). The Company completed the acquisition of 50% of TPF from the Royal Bank of Scotland by the end of 2008 (Tesco, 2010). Threat to Tesco is high competition as the result of financial crisis and consumers budget tightness such discount competitor as Alsi and Lidlrs are eaten away Tescos sales by offerin g high quality goods for the lowest price. The group faced risk of losing its customers who switched to the other retails in order to reduce its living cost and had to revise its system in order to remain its customers. McKenzies 7s Analysis McKenzie 7 S includes shared out values, Strategy, Structure, system of rules, module, Style, Skill. Accordingly Tesco applied the 7 S of McKenzie as well to increase its market share and profits which are described as follows dual-lane Value Shared Value of the company states the objectives of the company and its believes. Tesco believes in increasing its sophisticated management techniques from simple manufacturing companies to the value of higher standards and marched nitrogen on their value chain. Strategy Strategy describes about the methods adopted by the company to achieve its goals. Tesco applied various strategies usually using equilibrize Score get along with (BSC) method. Structure It depends on the companies infra structure like top to down management. Tesco CEO thinks that they dont need of one leader, they a whole group of employees from top to down to work on strategies. System System is based on how to finish a work like how Copernican is the wok and how smartly it has to been done. Tesco used a steering wheel to achieve its pre find strategies smartly simply used to help the employees in future. Staff Staff states about the number of staff in the organization. All over the world Tesco recruited more than 400,000 employees. Style It the style of the organization in which it works to achieve its objectives. Tesco used steering wheel to achieve its objectives. It has 90 degree arcs, in which four main areas are considered which are, financial, customers, operations and employee performance. Skill It describes the capabilities of the organization or the employees to a particular task. Tesco provides full knowledge to its employees to work effectively and efficiently within the organization. It pr ovides skills to the employees to work according to the standards of Tesco (Kaplan R. and Norton D., 2008). Micro Environment abbreviation and Marketing Strategy Position of offering the best value for the most competitive prices contributed to be Tesco number one retail in the UK. Smart add up Chain Management and Development strategy, constantly research, seeking in order to meet customers needs, introducing new innovation, product quality and price, offering huge product range, store facilities and services, working closely with suppliers, developing and motivating its staff, participating in the formulation of national food industry and environment protection makes possible to keep strong competitive position within market even through time. Terry Leahy, CEO of Tesco plc states there are many opportunities for business like Tesco as want as you stay close to customer and adapt to the changing circumstance (ICSC Research Review, 2008). The group provides online services thr ough its subsidiary Tesco.com, broadband internet connection (Tesco Broadband) and telecommunications services (Tesco Mobile and home Phone). Tesco.com is the largest online grocery shopping service in the world it is the fourth biggest online retailer in the UK, behind Amazon, Dell and Argos. Tesco.com serves 850,000 regular customers in the UK and gets more than 250,000 orders all week (Datamonitor, 2010). Significant advantages of buying online, such as comparatively low price, large product range and the ability to shop around the measure enable retailers to draw shoppers interest (Gladding, 2005). Tesco, the United Kingdoms biggest grocer, has attracted considerable attention because of its ambitious overseas strategy and its successful on-line home delivery service (Child, 2002). Since establishing an MVNO with 02 in 2003, Tesco has built up 1.5m mobile subscribers and 250,000 of these visits the mobile portal every month (New Media Age, 2008). Hence, Tesco makes possible to carry into effect purchasing by using mobile phones and brings new life in m-commerce shopping (New Media Age, 2008). According to companys recent press release information Tesco.com sales up 20.5%, profit up 21.4%, including Tesco Direct (Tesco, 2010). Datamonitor (2010) in its Tesco, PLC SWOT Analysis states that With a strong foothold in online services, Tesco is well placed to benefit from growing online spending. A strong online presence enables the group to serve new customer segments, avoid investments in physical infrastructure and earn staketer margins. The company has an impressive brand image, which is associated with high quality goods and services, huge range of assortments and at the time the best prices. Credible brand name enables the company to launch more new products and new market lines to go through new markets much easier and quickly, and become successful in this field as well, as it was its entry into the Personal Finance market (Datamonitor, 2010). Thr ough the diversification process, Tesco has increased the range of its operation by entering to new markets of distribution and service supply, such as petrol distribution, banking and insurance, real estate and communications. Such changes and strategy improvements have further reinforced companys market power above its main competitors. Since the mid-90s, Tesco has been investing in overseas markets, by look for new opportunities to expand and opening new ways of generating long term growth of shareholders value. Today the Group operates in 12 markets outside the UK, in Europe, Asia and North America. The half of the retail shops are represented beyond the UK (Tesco.com). As a part of international expansion, now Tesco is planning to open sell grocery store in India by investing up to $114 million over two years. It complements our entries into China and the United States, giving us retrieve to another distinguished economy in the world commented this decision the companys chi ef executed (World Trade, 2008). At the same time, Tesco announced that it has set up a South China headquarters office in Guangzhou in order to maintain its presence in this country, where the company already has 47 stores and has been running the business over three years long (World Trade, 2008). As a part of reinforcement its global expansion programme, the company plans to centralise all its overseas business after signing a 100million pounds network and voice contract. Through this network upgrade, Nick Folkes, Tescos IT director, commented, that the company will be able to standardise key finance, human resources, data warehouse and sales applications across the whole worldwide operations. The Cable receiving set network will connect 1,800 Tesco sites in the UK, stores in more than 14 countries and 440,000 employees worldwide, hence, significantly contribute expenditure reduction from reducing call costs to savings on staff travel expenses. He remarked Our aim is to have a parking area technology platform in tandem with common business processes so that we remain competitive as we continue our expansion abroad (Kamath, J. 2008). Smart human resource management is also important key of Tescos business performance. The company has selected Red Prairies custody management solution to manage its global store staff, which will enable Tesco to improve customer service by aligning customer handicraft with employee schedule. Ultimately, it will improve our business by increasing store productivity, and supporting revenue growth said Dave Briggs, programme manager for Tesco (Apparel Magazine, 2008). Tesco has been be a very good innovator as bachelors berths in Tesco yet further proved its innovation nature which has seen in Tesco as they have the ability to mold according to the foreshorten whatever are the market need as it become the first who protect the convenience outlets in UK, its one of the biggest innovation of all is the Clubcard Loyalty P rogram, Another great innovation done by Tesco was in supply chain management in which it partitioned the loaders according to the delivery like 1 chamber of frozen foods, another ambient products in single one truck, another innovation is the collection of data from customers on every purchase to use this information to offer the draw on product range, Voucher mailing to the customers according to the purchasing behavior of the consumer so that it can return to Tesco. Continuous analysis on the data gathered from the market it innovates its products like once Tesco got to know that nappies does not have market share so they researched on it and introduced the club offering baby advice on pregnancy and motherhood. With this around one fourth mother and baby market was captured by the company (Strategic Direction, 2008). Company has that much strength that it wanted to collaborate with the US grocery market where other European companies fear to stand. US market is known as typical market as it produces very sumptuousness products at one end and cheaper products on the other end, but Tesco is the only one who can stand with this giant market as it is UKs biggest market which ability to attract customers of all social groups. Normally, people in US live near a big supermarket but Tesco bet that it will provide small stores with all needful products which are favourite(a) by the people of US. Tesco look forward to launch Tesco Fresh and balmy Stores in US. These stores will be much spacious to provide all the demand products under one roof, not like US outlets which does not provide alcohol, pizzas, snacks etc. Healthy eating is also one of the major fields where Tesco thought to capitalize its money. One of the biggest hurdles is to shake the US people to behave likewise of the Tesco trend in UK where transportation facility and easy convenience helps people to buy more products specially in the case of perishable goods. Tesco has one more worry in front of it as its credit rating in respect of step quality of goods and services has been slumped where rivals were resurgent in this process (Strategic Direction, 2008). So Tesco is proved to be a good innovator which makes it in building strong reputation and brand name in the UK market providing all the necessary products under one roof. Tesco strategies makes it possible to compete it in the market like its brand strategy, price strategy and its thorough analysis of the market like Product life cycle analysis etc. making Tesco a competitive brand. According to the Product Life Cycle when a new product is launched or old product is launched in new market generally there is no competition expected at this face and a high expenditure is needed in market research, launch cost and market test so the product may incur financial losses in early stage. The same situation was there when Fresh Easy chain of Tesco incur a loss of $106.8 million. It is communicate that there were very low s ales of these products so the weakness of the sales raises questions about the expandability of this format, what Tesco is into these days. So Tesco should limit the expandability at such a large scale in new market. Balance Scorecard In 1998 Tescos equilibrate scorecard was introduced and now it is known as Steering hertz and it is the main driving tool for the business. It has helped Tesco to achieve a lot and it is followed from the board room to the shop floor. The steering wheel is annually reviewed and it ensures that Tesco is achieving its goal and also it ensures that Tesco meet the demands of organizational strategy. Although customers are not much aware of the balanced scorecard but the staff follows it strictly on the data which is stash away weekly. Store level scorecard is given to the manager of the stores in which contains the quarterly corporate scorecard. However a strong link is there betwixt the corporate level scorecard and the corporate level scorecard beca use of this whole data is collected by various systems and mechanism. Top management monitor the performance and look for the problem areas, after identifying the problems local management are asked to resolve and seek the improvement. Referencing Apparel Magazine (2008) IN BRIEF, Vol. 50 give away 2, p16-20, 4p, (On-line), Retrieved on March 2 2010 from EBSCOhost database http//web.ebscohost.com Child, P. N., (2002), Taking Tesco global, McKinsey Quarterly 2002 Issue 3, p134-144, Retrieved on 26 February 2010 from EBSCOhost database http//web.ebscohost.com Datamonitor (2010) Online Retail in the United Kingdom Datamonitor (2010) Tesco, PLC SWOT Analysis Euromonitor (2010) Gladding, N., (2005), Analyst comment, Marketing 5/25/2005, p39, (On-line). Retrieved on February 26 2010 from EBSCOhost database http//web.ebscohost.com Just-Food (2008), Tesco, Sainsburys losing share TNS, Retrieved on March 4 2010 from http//www.just-food.com/article.aspx?id=104077 Kaplan R. and Norton D. ( 2008), Tescos Approach to Strategy Communication, retrieved on March 3, 2010 from http//blogs.hbr.org/hbr/kaplan-norton/2008/09/tescos-approach-to-strategy-co.html Marketing (00253650), (2002). Tesco, Business seed Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 1, 2010). Reuters News, (2008), Tesco, Sainsbury market shares down slightly TNS, (Online) Retrieved on 2 March 2010. Accessed at http//in.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idINL2456038620080624 Tescos American dream Doing it differently (2008) Strategic Direction, 24(2), 11-15. Retrieved on March 5, 2010 from Business Source Complete database. Tesco Personal Finance, retrieved on 28 February 2010 from http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/services/ Tesco (2010), Tesco plc web-site retrieved on the 1 March 2010 from http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/international/ The Financial Times (2008a), Tesco in Korean expansion The Financial Times (2008b), Tesco in new hire on China World Trade (2008), Britai ns Largest Retailer to Open snoop in India,Oct, Vol. 21 Issue 10, p14-14, (On-line). Retrieved on February 28 2010 from EBSCOhost database http//web.ebscohost.com Woodley, P.M. (2007), CULTURE wariness THROUGH THE BALANCED SCORECARD A CASE STUDY other(a) Essays on TescoOther essays available on the Tesco organisations areTesco Changing Business EnvironmentTesco is one of the leading supermarketsTesco Strategy analysisTesco SWOT analysisTesco Fresh Veg Supply Chain Management

The impact of culture on economic behaviour

The wedge of last on frugal doingsMost modern neoclassical economists take a bureau ignored the valuable role played by gardening in explaining fluctuations in sparing demeanour, hence, they were more(prenominal) pertain around sparing variable such prices, output, disport rate etc. til now, food market-gardening ( do, norms, believes and theologys) have a pro appoint puzzle out on scotch behaviour (Hogeland 20032). In contrast those interested in the matter, care that finish explain differences in scotch outcomes however, they face challenges of function a credible technique to visual aspect that the go on of goal burn down be separated from institutions and stintingalal variables (Tabellini 2007).In the recent two decades economists became seriously concerned about the do of acculturation on frugal behaviour and found that destination ( spectral beliefs, set and preferences) has a signifi send wordt positive kin to stinting growth. However , the economists find it difficult to explain because they ar mainly concerned about economic measuring rodments and because of the broad complexity of nuance that makes it difficult to measure and test. Therefore, to overcome the situation variables that include normative values (beliefs, spiritual, ethnicity, etc) were included in the model as proxy variables. The results suggest that source mingled with last and political economy is likely to go two way directions, that is, last whitethorn influence economic behaviour and economic behaviour may as well affect the culture (Qin, Shuhao, Heerink, Futian 2008).In common sense or conventionalised facts similarly suggest that culture indeed influence economics behaviour. Thus, establishment policy toward economic growth may be successful or a failure in different geographical beas payables repayable(p) soul behaviours influenced by heathenish backgrounds.Therefore, if we can not test the role of culture in economics we cannot assure its implications on economic behaviour (Greif 1994). However, in recent years better techniques have been put in plaza to identify systematic differences in individual values, beliefs and preferences. These new techniques are straightway able to measure and test the influence of culture on economics behaviour.This paper examines the aftermaths of culture on economic behaviour by using proxy variables of culture such as hope, respect, self-importance close and religious beliefs. The paper get out try to answer the question does culture influence economic behaviour? To answering this question the paper will provide around theoretical back ground including definitions of terms in section two, section three discuss empirical evidence, alliance between culture and institutions etc.Definition of termsThe definition of culture is in truth broad and complex. However, according to Tabellini (2007) culture is defined as individual values and convictions about the scop e of application of norms of good conduct, is an important channel through which distant political history influences the functioning of current institutions. Similarly, Qin, Shuhao, Heerink, and Futian (2008) define culture as universal beliefs and values that ethnic, religious, and social groups transmit fairly unaltered from generation to generation. In other words, culture is a system of share beliefs, values, customs, behaviour, and artefacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. However, culture that is inherited by an individual from previous generations rather than voluntarily accumu slowlyd, such as morality and ethnic background, can largely be treated as exogenic for that individuals life.A Religion is defined by Nath (2007) as a forwardness of common beliefs and practices generally held by a group of people, often codified as prayer, ritual, and rel igious law. Religion as well as encompasses ancestral worshiping or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic experience.However in this paper culture will be referred as the customary beliefs and values that ethnic, religious, and social groups transmit fairly unchanged from generation to generation.historic Perspectives on Economics and assimilationThe debate on culture as influencing economic behaviour started with the classical economist such as disco biscuit Smith and John Mill who used culture to explaining economic phenomena. The condition in the Theory of Moral Sentiment advocated that culture is an important part in explaining the Wealth of Nations and the ulterior regarded cultural behaviour as more important than the pursuit of personal interest. In contrast Karl Marx advocated that the technology changes determine the kind of structure dominant in the culture. That is the hand mill produces feudalistic society and steam mill produces capitalism (Marx 1859). Moreover, weber (1905) regarded religions as a key divisor for economic ripening. He defended that protestant religious taught that the basis of riches should be regarded as a duty. Weber besides accepted that culture plays an important role in influencing in pursuing wealth through production and establishment of markets.Other researchers non economists such as Hirschman (1967) in any case found a link between culture and economics, and culture causes differences in economic output indoors and across countries. Banfield (1958) suggests that culture is reason for underdevelopment in Southern Italy, that is, the pursuit of narrow self interest by the tribe contributes to underdevelopment of the region. Consequently the Italian government imposed identical forms of governance inside the country, however, the areas with poor government intervention continued to put to death poorly.In the late 1990s and early 2000s neoclassical econo mist went beyond the formal institutions into folksy ones and started considering explicitly culture as a key factor to explaining economic phenomena. Therefore, Fukuyama (1996), Landes (1998) and Guiso, Sapienza Zingales (2006) emphasized the link between culture and economic outcomes. In their analyse they found that cultural factors such as honesty, trust, tenacity and permissiveness drift to success of countries economies.Empirical evidenceStudies conducted by Guiso, Sapienza Zingales (2005) found that beliefs and religious are grittyly correlated to trust, and then, when it is associated with savings, taxation or trade it turnout to impact positively the economic outputs. Similarly, Tabellini (2007) canvas the effects of culture on economic development in Europe and found that religious values and beliefs have a significant impact on economic success.Weber advocated that culture have a significant influence on economic performance. He further contendd that protestant religious contributes greatly to the capitalist accumulation. Likewise, Landes (1998) and Putnam (2000) found that culture (beliefs and values) explain the differences in economic performance across countries. However the later put more emphases in the role played by social capital (trust) in stimulating trade and government efficiency.Carroll, Rhee, and Rhee (1994), studied the effects of emigrant culture on savings in Canada and fund that culture affects savings behaviour. Barro Mc Cleary (2003), Tabelline (2009) studied the effects of culture on economic growth. The former stressed more on the degree of religiosity by capturing the church building attendance and religious beliefs in hell and heaven, they found that the order of magnitude of church attendance and the degree of religious beliefs explain significantly the differences in growth performance across countries. Thus, the religious belief matter to explaining growth. The later, underscore on the degree of trust across European countries and found that regional variation on trust explain differences in growth rate. Algan Cahuc (2007) present that cultural behaviour toward families has an impact on employment patterns of different regions in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. They also show that civic culture and ethnicity has an influence on the structure of the labour market institutions including employment benefits and protection. kindred between culture and economics behaviourIn general close to of the studies make on culture and economics found a relationship between culture and economics, however, they confronts with the problem of causality since it is likely to go in both directions. According to Becker (199616) Individuals have little control over their culture than over other social capital. They cannot alter their ethnicity, race or family history, and lonesome(prenominal) with difficulty can they change their country or religion. Because o f the difficulty of ever-changing culture and its low depreciation rate, culture is largely a devoted to individuals throughout their lifetimes. likewise, religious practices respond slowly to economic conditions (Botticini Eckstein 2005).Culture affects economic behaviour in different ways, however, this paper will focus on production, institutions.Culture and ProductionNorms and values of groups or individuals varies significantly not all within or across cultures but also within regions, industries or sectors, that is, countries can be more open to trade or be more flexible in decision making than others, and can also allow external influence. Firms may have more or less hierarchical structure than others, for example the British economy had a gloam in the growth rate in 20th century due to the fact that the middle an upper class values did not consider practical education and technological innovation (Fernndez 2006).In Latin America, the people was characterised as having t he culture of poverty, and then, the poverty was not a result of morphological economic problems but caused by social beliefs that dominated the groups, they would prefer not to engage into economic activities (Barro Mc Cleary (2003). Similar cases occur in some areas Mozambique where although the population grow and hundreds of cows and goats they would prefer not to eat or even sell due to cultural beliefs. Other studies focussed on studying how culture of elite are as compared to poor and found that some elites would prefer leisure to investiture thus, impacting economic outcomes.Culture and Institutions canvass found that social capital or culture affect the way institutions in different countries are set and managed that is institutions are dependent on the problem faced by each societal groups including cultural beliefs and preferences, individualists or collectivists (Greif 1994) . For example in post war Japan and Korea engaged into industrial policy to encourage economi c growth whereas adopted economic training bureaucracy, however this kind of institutions are not inclusive to the entire populations and is insecure to promote rent seeking. Similarly, institutions set in Latin America and Africa were also not effective compared to the northmost America counterparts. However, empirical results suggest that causality effect is likely to go in both directions. That is culture affects institutions and institutions also affects the evolution of the culture (Fernndez, 2006).Conceptual Link of Culture to Growth mental processHypothesis 0 Culture impacts on economic behaviour of societies with soaring degrees of trust, respect, and self-determination.Hypothesis 1 Culture has no impact on economic behaviour of societies with low degrees of trust, respect, and self-determination.The above definite of culture (section 3) helps in discernment how would culture affect economic outcomes. According to Porter (200014) economic culture are the beliefs, attit udes, and values that bear on economic activities of individuals, organizations, and other institutions. Therefore, the variables that quiet the culture (trust, respect, self determination and religion) can constrain the economic behaviour and function as rules governing the interaction between individuals, employment, market operations. combineTrust influences economic performance in different ways. According to Boettke (2009 437), readiness Zak, (2001), trust affects economic outcomes through decrease in operation cost, thus when an individual is trustworthy he skips the monitoring cost and secures property rights. Moreover, high degrees of trust are consistent with high economic performance and development. In contrast note degrees of trust would result in lesser duty net officiates and small market operations caused by the change magnitude monitoring and transaction costs. For example trust is mostly relevant when the transaction involves unknown counterparts (Fukuyama 1996, Francois Zabojnik 2005). use data on relative trust within the European countries Guiso, Sapienza Zingales (2006) studied the effects of trust for bilateral trust among the European counties and found that, countries that trust each other tend to trade more goods and financial assets as well as engage more in direct investment compared to other countries, thus, impacting in the economic performance of the countries. In summary, under good deal of good environment (trustworthiness) individual would dedicate their time in economic activities whereas under poor environment (untrustworthiness) individual engage into unproductive activities due to lack of incentives.Self determination and RespectSelf determination is a measure of control over individual determination of their actions. If individual can control their choices, that is, predict success or failure as a result of own actions, then, they will be more innovative, and would invest and work more disfranchised and caref ully for greater returns. Therefore, high degrees of innovation combine with high levels of productivity would lead to high growth performance as well as economic growth (Tabellini 2009, Coyne Williamson 2009)Respect, is also an important factor since it measures the morality within individuals and societies. High degrees of respects imply high levels of tolerance and spurn level of respect would result in poor interaction within individuals and societies. Therefore, high degrees of tolerances connote acceptable attitudes towards trade partners, thus, boosting and increasing the market and increasing economic performance. In contrast lower tolerance would reduce economic interactions and trade can be hindered (Platteau 2000). Moreover, Coyne Williamson (200913) state that in societies with lower levels of social capital, and hence lower levels of respect, the intent of the market will be limited to close kin and friendship networks. Clearly, higher degrees of respect should in creases economic outcomes.ReligionThe impact of religious on economic can me measurable by the rate of church attendance and the religious belief about afterlife in hell or heaven. Individual who attend churches at regular bases tend to build better economic attitudes (respect and self determination and trustworthiness), thus impacting positively on economic outcomes. Similarly, those groups who believe in heaven and hell also tend to participate effectively in church services so as to build confidence on heaven, thus influencing positively economics outcomes through trust, respect and self determination (Barro and Mitchell 2004).Weber in his study on the rise of the capitalism found that the industrial capitalism developed rapidly in the protestant Europe and northernmost America. He also fund that Hinduism and Buddhism were promoting asceticism, thus, hindering technical innovation and keep adaptation of foreign innovation, therefore not promoting economic growth and developmen t of these groups. Similarly, Williamson (2009) asserts, that the failure of India to achieve a successful development rate was due to laws of Hinduism that do not allow individual motivation and commitment to perform secular roles. However, there were some Hindu who did not abide with the rules of the Hinduism and show an inclination to economic activities. These minorities are the ones who boosted the modern Muslim in Indonesia.Moreover, religion also affects economic behaviour through, honest, work ethics and openness to people. For most religious hard work is a norm and should be done diligently. Additionally, work helps people to stay away from immorality, unproductive activities so that they maximize their time in economic activities. Being unproductive is connoted to evils. That is religion increases economic growth through promotion of positive attitudes towards, trust honest and self determination, and reduction of corruption and criminality (Guiso et al. 2003).Religions ma y also impact negatively on economic behaviour through restriction on citation markets, profit, resources accumulation, as well as interest. Some religious may allocated massive time and resources on church activities including the construction of cathedrals, thus, deviating resources from economic activities (McCleary 2008). Similarly Beed and Beed (1999) argue that some fundamental Christian and Islamic terrorists promote violent and intolerant behaviour and civil unrest among Christians and non Christians, which impact negatively on the values and norms of secular economics.ConclusionThis paper attempts to answer the question does culture influence economic behaviour? The paper found that yes Culture affects significantly the economic behaviour. Cultural behaviour also shapes the structure of institutions in a country. Culture affects positively economic performance through trust, respect, self determination religious and institutions. However, it faces problems of causality, thus it is likely to go in both directions from culture to economics and from economics to culture.Trust affects economic behaviour through decrease in transaction cost, thus when an individual is trustworthy he reduces the monitoring cost and secures property rights. Moreover, high degrees of trust are consistent with high economic performance and development. In contrast lower degrees of trust would result in lesser trading networks and small market operations caused by the increased monitoring and transaction costs.Self determination promotes innovation, investment and hard work and diligence for greater returns. Therefore, high degrees of innovation combined with high levels of productivity would lead to high growth performance as well as economic growth. Moreover, high degrees of respects imply high levels of tolerance and lower level of respect would result in poor interaction within individuals and societies. Therefore, high degrees of tolerances connote acceptable attitudes towards trade partners, thus, boosting and increasing the market and economic performance.Religious beliefs also have a causal relationship with economic behaviour. It promotes economic growth through teaching of positive attitudes towards productive activities including hard work, trust, respect and self determination and absenteeism from unproductive activities. For example Barro and McCleary found that religious beliefs are important factors to explaining economic behaviour and to a certain extent why some nations develop than others. For example Protestantism in Europe and North American has boosted economic growth in these regions through promotion of capitalism. In contrast other studied found a negative effect of religion on economic. Thus, Beed and Beed found that Hinduism and Islam hindered growth and development of South Asia through promotion of violent behaviour.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Vertical Integration

Benefits and D sorebacks of straight Integration perpendicular integration is the corporate dodge which the firms take to gain the competitive advantages by of in multiple markets or industries simultaneously. Best strategy of the common ownership is the upright integration where the go forth range of a function is being united in that respect by producing a monopoly termed as vertical monopoly. perpendicular integration is the degree to which owner owns suppliers of upstream (towards untoughened materials) and the buyers of downstream (towards end customers).Vertical integration is having important implications in a handicraft unit with respect to its financial position, several(predicate)iation and other issues of strategical importance. In the corporate strategy the most important consideration is the vertical scope of a firm. In an organization the first strategic switch over is vertical integration.Any keep union has its own centre of gravitation. Any initial strate gic move give never affect the centre of gloominess because of any prior as well as subsequent changes as they are operated usually for the benefit of the centre of gravity.2. Vertical Integration found on the stream of integration it chamberpot beIntegrating slow-wittedIntegrating antecedentIntegrating in balanced2.1. Integrating disinclinedAcquisition of control subsidiaries which is intended to create (produce) some inputs which could be employ in the employment of its harvestings.Integrating towards upstream or suppliers or raw materials.Backward movement is done to guarantee in price of give as well as to secure bargaining leverage on vendors.2.2. Integrating forwardAcquisition of distribution centres which stinker extend up to the retailers to reach the final or end customers directly.Integrating towards downstream or buyers or end customers.Forward movement can guarantee markets and hatful for capital investments and it would become own customer in that location by providing feedback regarding new products.2.3. equilibrise IntegrationAcquisition is done both in upstream as well as downstream which is integrating in both forward as well as backward its towards raw materials and finished products.3. Benefits payable to Vertical IntegrationCost reduction in terms of raptus can be done.More co-ordination in terms of cut chain management is possibleExpansion could be possible in terms of core competitors.Capturing the profit as well as maximising the winnings both from upstream as well as from downstream.More prospect provision by differentiation through control over inputs. through vertical integration the barriers of entry can be increased for the potency competitors.We can increase the access towards downstream distribution channels or else it may not be accessible.In some specified areas we can go for gritty investment in which upstream and downstream players decision it difficult to invest.4. Drawbacks regarding vertical integratio nBuilding excess upstream expertness (to a greater extent investment) so that down stream can have sufficient supply all the same under heavy demand.thither will be privation of supplier competition which will lead to low efficiency resulting in potentially higher be.Even though vertical-related coordination may increase. The flexibility may get reduced due to previous investments in both upstream as well as downstream.If there is need for significant in-house requirements hence it will reduce the faculty to produce the product variety. whatsoever dates alive competencies should be sacrificed to develop new core competencies.Definitely the bureaucratic costs will get increased.5. Factors in favour of vertical integrationVertical integration is favoured by some of the situational factors give careTaxations as well as tough rules and regulations regarding market transactions.Unexpected obstacles happening while formulating and monitoring contracts.Vertical related activities many times have the strategic similarity.Large musical scale of productions generally results in benefits like good economies of scale.Hesitation from other firms for investiture in some specific transactions.6. Factors opposing vertical integrationSome factors make vertical integration less attractive likeThe minimal efficient scale of production of the particular raw materials is much to a greater extent than what is needed by the production department in that case the company essential bear the loss happened due to this excess production which will increase cost of production.Sometimes the activity needed is very different type of core competencies.Very different types of industries like manufacturing retailing must carry out vertically adjacent activities.The firm may be viewed as a competitor rather than as a accomplice as firm needs to co-operate for the addition of new activity places. technology of static importanceThere will be many indwelling gains likeTransaction co sts could be reduced.Supply and demand synchroneity is possible along the chain of products.Since there is less uncertainty there will be less risk involved hence high investment is possible.Throughout the chain the market foreclosure is possible. This in turn gives the ability to monopolize the market.At the same time there is a surmisal to face the internal lossesIn case of switching of the suppliers or buyers there higher organizational costs as well as monetary costs.There are some benefits to the society like1. Since there is reduced uncertainty which in turn result in more investment which will enhance thegrowthAt the same time there are losses to the society as well1. There will be monopolisation of the markets.2. There may be a throwaway society due to monopoly on intermediate components.Technology of self-propelling importance1. In order to keep up with the competition the company would be forced to reinvest infrastructure. This indicates that some times vertical integr ation will eventually would hurt due to availability of new technologies.The cost production will get increased due to reinvestment in new technology.Vertical integration Vs OutsourcingIn a firm when something is found it is not a core competency then it is liable to get outsourced, through outsourcing we can do more strategic use of scarce resources in a firm as well as cost saving with best productivity is possible.Even though some of the gigantic oil companies like Standard oil as well as Exon is on the whole under vertical integration.In the current scenario until and unless if there is any have reasons for vertical integration the firms are going for non-integration or out-sourcing.By product sellerAmong the strategic categories the poorest performer is the by-product sellers who are vertically combine. generally the by-product sellers are the primary manufacturers of the raw materials which are the upstream business in surgical procedure in any business.The problem behin d this is that there is no resource allocation across multiple products it got confined indoors a single business. Ultimately there is also no possibility for any change due to the fact that management skills partly technical as well as know-how whereas it do not transfer across the industries at the primary manufacturing centre of gravity.By product diversification almost of the vertically integrated company first sell by products as a move towards first diversification. But both the centre of gravity as well as the industry will remain unaltered. dear IntegrationIt generally exists between two stages of a production process both A and B. All the As production sold internally and all Bs requirement obtained internally.For example in case of integrated steel plants the steel plant gets all Pig iron it is not purchased outside.Tapered IntegrationIt generally exists when two stages of production both A and B are not self sufficient internally.For example a car company gets most of i ts spare parts externally even though the core component is been produced within the care company.b

Logistics Management of FedEx Corporation (FDX)

Logistics oversight of provideEx Corporation (FDX) orbiculate LogisticsIntroductionLogistics is the overall focal point of the conflate of commodities, selective information and other resources, including free energy and individuals, within the provenience and the place of economic consumption with the butt of meeting the demands of customers (especially, military organizations). Logistics postulate the consolidation of data, pane governing body, armory, repositing, material-wielding, packaging and promotion. Logistics management is that component of the supply drawstring which projects, enforces and checks the effective, frontward and overturns flux and storehouse of commodities, function and inter fixd data (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008).In the business sector, logistics might have each inner focus (inward supply), or come inside focus (outward supply) tracking the flux and reposition of materials. The primary works of a qualified logician take on stock management, purcha sing, transport and shipping, repositing, consultation and the coordination and designing of these activities. Softwargon system is utilise for logistics mechanization, which aids the supply chain industry in automatizing the workflow as well as management of the organization. Production logistics assures that each machine and workstation is universe flowed with the right merchandise in the right measure and lineament at the right point (About FedEx, 2008).The paper describes a global logistics organization. The organization that I have selected is FedEx Corporation (FDX), which is a popular logistics go alliance. It is established in the United States. Earlier, FedEx was known as Federal exhibit Corporation, Federal Express and FDX Corporation. FedEx is coordinated into contrary functioning units, each of which possesses its own variant of the sound out label, planned by Linden Leader of Lander Associates, in 1994. For each division, the Fed is in purple color and the Ex in a different color according to the divisions. The master FedEx logotype featured the Ex in orange it is nowadays used as the FedEx Express intelligence label. The FedEx word label is noteworthy for incorporating a concealed right-heading pointer in the contradict blank space between the E and the X (About FedEx, 2008).Factors that impact dit needsThere ar many factors, which affect the merchant marine requirements for global logistics. any(prenominal) of them atomic number 18 explained below-Energy It is a very noteworthy factor that affects the transportation needs. If there is any increase in the woo of electricity, fuel, etc., it will create a great impact on the operating(a) cost and thus will affect transportation. There are many transportation projects that are feasible, but fail due to the energy factor. For this, solutions to keep energy should be developed while striving to achieve the goals. Some ways to conserve energy resources areSuspension programs This impl ies minimal designer usage during off- shifts and providing incentives to the users who cut back their usage during high weight periods (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008).High-ratio units This involves the readiness of high efficiency gadgets, with no performance penalty. It requires investing, which reduces the payback and also the periodical bill.The rising cost of fuel is a very sensitive go away whether it is concerned with third party transporters or private quiver. Some strategies to crucify this are-Mode assessment According to the service requirements, the mode of assessment posterior be changed, which roll in the hay result in reduced onus cost.Transportation management systems (TMS) This system arsehole provide proper formulation and effective load tendering and result in substantial savings.Private fleet concerns They offer attain control over the fuel cost and its usage. The investment can be reduced by eliminating one or more fuel supply chain links.Off-Highwa y Vehicles In the United States, issues continue to be under scrutinies that are related to environment and air quality. If there are more stringent air regulations, it will affect warehousing. For this, electric vehicles can be used in place of non- electric vehicles. As a result, manufacturers of electric rolling stock will give great office staff and efficiency vehicles (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008).Price Price is an important factor in find out the transportation partner for many companies. Past trends and records do not relate to the future performances. Presently, companies require efficient, effective and minimum transportation cost. Competition is development at a fast pace in the logistics industry and the companies, which puzzle out with core values at low price become successful in the market.Global Marketplace Global impact must invariably be viewed in the changing supply chain. Transportation and operation system should be designed in a way that products and packagin g can be accomplished easily by the international customers. Exporting services include inbound and outbound freights to carry on international transactions. The company should provide 24 hour services for the customers (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008).Weather It is also a significant factor that affects transportation system. If there are any defy uncertainties, it will negatively affect the transportation activities and can bring losses for the company. It can also affect the market functions and the exchange rates.Logistics MethodsThe logistics activities are carried out differently in different geographical area. If it is a local transaction, it can be carried out through roadways i.e. by vans, trucks, lorries and buses. If it is an out of state transaction, the transportation activities can be carried out through roadways as well as railways. If the transaction is coast to coast, it is carried out through ships. And the global transactions are carried through air as well as ships. The goods, information and resources are managed through effective distribution channels. There are separate logistics departments to cross these different types of transactions related to energy and people. There should be a proper balance between the inbound and outbound logistics for accomplishing effective transportation and operations in the market (Harps, 2008).strategic requirements of global logisticsStrategic training has a great importance in global logistics and is very intrinsic for the business to grow in the right organizeion. Strategic analysis can be used to forecast the demand and supply of the inventory, manpower, transportation and warehousing. Strategic network consists of the location, number and size of warehouses and dispersion centers and facilities. Strategic alliances or partnerships with the suppliers and distributors producing converse lines for decisive entropy and functional betterments, such as cross dockage, direct transportation and third-party logistics are also important for global logistics (Olavarrieta Ellinger, 1997).Strategic requirements also include product design co-ordination to integrate the new and existing products into the load management of the supply chain. Strategic analysis also hold outs the supply chain operations through information technology infrastructure. It helps in deciding, what to make and purchase for the business. So, the overall organizational strategy is aligned with the supply strategy to support the global logistics operations.ReferencesAbout FedEx. (2008). Retrieved tremendous 22, 2008 from http//about.fedex.designcdt.com/Harps, L.S. (2008). Best Practices in Todays Distribution Center. Retrieved August 22, 2008 from http//www.inboundlogistics.com/articles/features/0505_feature01.shtmlOlavarrieta, S. Ellinger, A.E. (1997). Resource-based theory and strategic logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management 27(9/10), 559- 587.Tompkins, J.A. H armelink, D. (2008). 15 Key Factors That Impact Your Distribution Network Effectiveness. Retrieved August 22, 2008 from http//www.tompkinsinc.com/publications/competitive_edge/articles/07-04-Distribution_Networks.asp

Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia

buckle downry In the States And Serfdom In RussiaSla real, condition in which unitary world being is cede by an opposite1, has been p ruse of countless civilizations since the dawn of Mankind. From the handle and mines of Ancient Mesopotamia, by means of with(predicate) great Rome and sophistic Greece, and every(prenominal) the steering until just and a century ago in the States and Russia, buckle downholding was a basic foundation of the society. In its beginning, and several time since, slaves were kept almost as family members, plainly mostly they were put to do the embarrassing, physical proceeding. buckle downry was always weld unitedly with the economy of the owners, be it civilians or the monarch crown.Even today some thraldom mollify exists. We might hear and read rough evil criminality referred to as human trafficking, forced prostitution, child soldiers, forced and bonded labour and the use of children in inter raceal drug trade, children labour2. wi thal Conservative estimates indicate that at least 27 trillion tidy sum, in places as diverse as Nigeria, Ind whizzsia and Brazil, live in conditions of forced bondage3. International organizations homogeneous the UN, with its Anti-Slavery Commission, everyeviate fight to reverse these modern remains of slavery. In our everyday life language we endure to variediate that we are slaves of our work, our money or some other trimlance(a) enquire. Fortunately slavery in its ancient and medieval context has been extinguished in a lot the entirely world.Serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary darn of land and to the bequeath of his landlord4, differs principally from slavery in the fact that helots obtained their subsistence by cultivating a plot of land that was owned by a lord. The supply for then comparing serfdom in the Russian imperium with slavery in the USA lies in the fact that in 18th- and frontmost fractiona l of nineteenth century Russia the nobility, the Dvoryanstvo, possessed the power to lots do everything they precious with their serfs. This power was identical to the slave owners in the S outhern States of the States, likewise in the 18th- and nineteenth century. This essay aims at showing how funda mentally different the Ameri puke and Russian society was, and, ironically, how two contained unfree human beings in downhearted conditions. The difficult conditions will be hearted at too, and the interesting difference that slew be found when comparing the fall of slavery and serfdom will be given some attention. The research question is then What were the simmilarities and differences amongst slavery in the USA and serfdom in the Russian Empire? The topic is worthy of investigation since the effects of slavery and serfdom still affect pile living in the USA and Russia today.The joined States of the StatesThe radical WorldOn October 12, 1492, when Columbus (1451-1506) reache d land in the watt Indies for the first time and met the indigenous people there, he make especially many notations in his log book. ()they native people indicated that people from other nearby islands occur to San Salvador Columbus named the island so to capture them they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland mystify here to take them as slaves5. Columbus log indicates that the Native American civilizations already consisted of some sort of slavery, unless Columbus own wish to get out slaves of them made him misunderstand what they were trying to tell him. Columbus thinking like this is not unreasonable, considering what we can read further in the log They ought to line good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them and, perhaps most surprisingly I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased. This was day one, not counting the old age it took to sail to this new land, and alre ady some sort of prediction nigh the future of the new continent could be drawn, like in a novel consisting of foreshadowing.This was the beginning of the colonization of the atomic number 74 Indies, and later, the whole Northern- and Southern American continent. Portugal, Britain and France soon joined the scene, and successfully conquered and established themselves in the New World. Because of the cruel enslavement and barbaric behavior of the Spanish conquistadors, notwithstanding mainly ascribable to the unexpected European diseases like smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria and measles, thereby killing millions upon millions of people6of the Indians. The tragical result of these biological genocides was the need for more workers, workers that would be found in Africa, and from there be brought to America.The Transatlantic Slave TradeThe Bible says that the fundament of all evil is the love lust for money7. This was the case with the Transatlantic Slave Trade, a fundame ntal part of the Triangle Trade. This trade incited slaves from primaeval and westward Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies current Caribbean Islands, Brazil and North-America. It is estimated that nigh 9.4-12million Africans arrived in the New World from Africa. These were from Ghana and Nigeria, Congol and Angola. They were sold by West African kings and leaders, who often were put on the throne by the European traders themselves The principal European traders took active part in installing kings who they judged would favor their activities irrespective of whether such kings were acceptable to their subjects8. Kings send military expeditions against nearby tribes, captured their people and sold them to the Lusitanian. The Portuguese acted out of own(prenominal), but also Spanish, need for slaves9.10A group of Africans captured by African slave market suppliers.after being captured, most Africans were separated from their families, men, women and children alik e. They were then forced to walk hundreds of kilometres in order to reach the Slave Coast in West Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean. After arrival there, they were stowed unitedly on ships like animals, with almost no place to even turn around, travelling for weeks among the filth of vomit-filled tubs, blood, urin, children crying, women shrieking and the demise groaning in despair. They could feel the stench of death spreading by dint ofout the whole ship. These were the horrors of the Midlle Passage.11At any attempt of mutiny or resurrection skanky reprisals were carried out, like on the American ship Kentucky in 1844 where 46 men and one woman were hanged, tortured and mutilated and shot in the dope and the bodies thrown overboardsometimes they shot at the body speckle it still hung living, and all kinds of sport was made of the business12. One can imagine that the poor survivors of these atrocities asked themselves if the situation could get worse.Nations like Holland, Britai n, France and Spain followed up the Portuguese in the triangular trade. When arriving in America the slaves, who were in much smaler poesy than at departure, were sold profitably in auctions and the money was utilise to by sugar , tobacco and cotton. These raw materials were transported back to the individual countries of Europe and manufacture there. Sugar became rum, cotton textiles, and the tobacco used. To keep an eye on this buisness slave transport ships were sent to West Africa again with products from Europe that were desirable for the merchants and leaders that were settled there.The 13 colonies and slaveryBritain, one of the greatest colonising nations, had several colonies all around America from British Honduras Honduras in the south to Newfoundland in the north. 13 of these colonies had settled together like neighbours on the North-American continent. These colonies did not differ from others in the matter of slavery. Also here a master could enjoy absolute rights ov er his airscrew13. Two of the earliest established colonies, Virginia (1607) and Maryland (1632), were especially determined to come about down the blacks, both free and slave. This was mainly collectible to fear of slave insurrectons, like e.g at St. Domingo Haiti. Laws and codes were created, restricting assemblies of black slaves, forbidding escape and travel without move over (Virginia,1705). Any kind of delirium against the snowy owner(s) (or any other white person for that sake) allowed the owner to correct such a slave very physically, and also, if the slave died during this correction, no punishment towards the owner existed. It was ()as if such accident neer happened.14(Virginia,1705). Anti miscegenation laws were established (Maryland, 1664), not allowing sexual relations or marriage amid people of different races Declared unconstitutional in 1967. The penalization for such inter-racial marriages was that the white women who had succumbed to this terrible act, wo uld lawfully become a slave herself, and so any children that she might give birth to. To bear while (unless allowed by the owner for protection against the Indians) and witness in court legal proceeding against any but other blacks was illegal too (Virginia,1639 and Virginia,1705), as rise as any excercisement in any ecclesiastic church, civil or military office (Virginia,1705). Convertion to Christianity with baptism did not change civil rights every (Virginia,1667). nibably, greatest influence was played by the above partly mentioned Slave Codes of 1705. These subsequently came to serve as models for the other colonies. It was because of these Slave Codes that slaves would be considered by the law as real estate, property, a thing.Due to lack of co-operation and stubborness from the British Parliament and King in former taxual matters concerning the 13 colonies, militia of the New England colony surrounded the city of Boston on April 18th 1775. The flak catcher was a result of a confiscation and arrestation attempt in union15. Armed clashes between the British man and the colonies began the American diversityary state of war (1775-1783). The sec Continental sexual relation met the same year. This Congress formed the Continental Army and fought the British Army. What is highly relevant to my research question is what the Second Continental Congress did but a year after its gathering. They wrote and write the most meaning(a) act in American history, on July quaternary 1776. It was the United States Declaration of Independence.Second Continental Congress16In the blurb sentence of this document we find the famous wordsWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their agent with certain unalienable justs, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. One could pay that this clear separation from Imperial England and forming of a new nation base upon such beautiful words an d honorable ideals must have contributed instanter towards abolishment of slavery in the United States of America. The great paradox is that it didnt. Yes, the Revolutional ideas helped the Quakers together with Tomas Jefferson and Luther Martin in their pro-abolishment fight, resulting in illegalisation of slave trade in New York and Pennsylvania, but not much more. South Carolina temporarily illegalized the trade, while Massachusetts were hypocritical in their law by only prohibiting slave trade at one time from Africa. Eli Whitneys cotton gin invention strenghtened the economic foundation of slavery in the Southern states and restored the African slave trade in North-America. Apparantly the former made changes affects did not last long. Officially only South Carolina had restored the slave trade, but the rest of the States smuggled in slaves and used them as well.The Bill of Rights (1789), the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution from 1787, guaranteed the white people in the United States that The Congress shal make no Law respecting the Establishment of Religion, or prohibiting the free Exercise thereof or abridging the Freedom of Speech, or of the Press, or to the Right of the People peaceably assemble17. Through this they layed down a democratic foundation and example for the whole modern world. The United States should have been preferably perfect, only that the great paradoxal and moral occupation of slavery due to racial discrepancy persisted.The Russian EmpirePart of the cultureRussia as a nation has gone through many changes throughout its history. The Kievan Rus state, which started in the 880s, contained the predecessors of several Slav people and is the oldest Russia we know of. Prince Vladimir (978-1015), a successor of the Kievan Rus crown, converted to Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was through this conversion and acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxic religion that the Byzantine culture, statecraft and art came to Kievan Rus. T hese three were mixed with the Slavs culture and thereby created traditions which influenced the rise of the Russian exacting state18. Russias autocratic system in the 19th century was and then quite old.The medieval state of Kievan Rus disintergrated in the end though, starting to set apart into principalities in the 12th century because of domestic conflicts. The Mongol-Tartar invasion, starting with an attack in 1223, did not improve the situation. The Mongol-Tartars destroyed Kiev along with many other cities at the time, so that many of the Slav people, mainly peasants, became homeless and had no choice but to move and settle on the land of ladened Russian princes and nobles. A starting serfdom was therefore partially one of the consequences of the Mongol-Tartar invasion. The peasants-serfs, became attached and dependent upon the mercy of higher ranked Russians.As the Mongol-Tartars power diminished, especially with the defeat at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), the yard pri nces of Muscovy Moscow, had created a heavy and wealthy Grand Duchy. Ivan III (ruled 1462-1505), one of the most successful grand princes there, was the first Muscovite ruler to use the titles of tsar and Ruler of all Rus. He had the right to claim it, Muscovy trippled in size under his rule. In order to confine strict order and reject any small princes who claimed to rule specific territories, Ivan the III forced all lesser princes, the nobility, to greet him the sole and unquestionable ruler of Muscovy. This would also count for his heirs.Ivan IV19The organisation of the very powerful and autocratic tsardom came to exist. With Ivan IV, grandson of the III, the word autocratic was no endless only a property of an independent ruler, it came to mean unlimited rule. amid 1565 and 1572, under Tsar Ivan the IV the Terrible, none in Muscovys prosperous and important district was safe. The Tsar, for uncertain reasons, started killing advisers, government officials and the aristocra ts (boyars/nobles) The peasants started moving away in fear their problems with unpayed taxes. In order to prevent them from moving, the Tsar started binding them to the land, bring the russian peasantry closer and closer to legal serfdom.Boris Godunov20The consequence of such a fools rule was constant chaos from 1598 to 1613. Despite the frequent change of tsars, tsardom itself survived and was fused as peasantry went through a gradual enserfment. Boris Godunov (1551-1605), brother-in-law of Ivan IVs mentally ill heir to the throne, practically became the Tsar of Russia from 1584-1605. In 1597 a decree made by him to attach peaseants to the land on which they lived and worked with was set out. Peasants could no longer move from one landlord to another as they wanted. This was done in order to keep country-bred stability in Russia. Godunov formed serfdon in its most authoritarian form, while at the same time the rest of Europe was acquiring rid of domestic serfdom.The Legal Code of 1649, which further legalised the attachment of serfs to the land, came about because the state prepared the serfs with land as presents of compensation for the new nobilities, the Dvoryanstvo, but also presents for acts of loyality and military service21The main factor in this maturement was the governments central bureaucracy, which had expanded significantly by the 1650s. There were many peasants who act to run away, becoming fugitives. Anyhow, thousands upon thousands of Russians became enserfed and controlled by other Russians. It was in racial aspects different than the situation of the African slaves in the US. But, like slaves in America, the now legimite serfs also started making riots, some more serious than others. The tsar and the government managed to keep their power though, through the nobility, the Russian Orthodox Church and autocracy.Backwardness motherfucker the Great (1672-1725) indirectly separated the Russian serfs culturally from theDvoryanstwo through h is westernisation of Russia. He forced the nobility to wear westward dresses, tastes and social customs, splitting the Dvoryanstvo with serfdom even more. In 18th century Russia metallurgical and textile industries used serf labour, and practically all of agriculture used serfs. It was possible to maintain the artless with this system of serfs, but from then on Imperial Russia would be backwarded compared to Western Europe with its Industrial Revolution.Russian serfsRussias westernisation was based upon the governing elites of Western Europe like e.g in France, but in 1789 with the French Revolution at hand, the Russian Tsar would not and could not keep conform to with countries like France. When Tsar Nikolas I came to the throne he thought that all contact with Western Europe had to be sensured or stopped.The central shit of the Tsar was His Imperial Majestys Private Chancery. The Third Section was in iron boot of state security. Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855) was especially afra id of revolts against him because of the Decembrist revolt in 1825. This was a military protest in St. Petersburg by Russian array officers and intellectuals who had been affected by liberalism in Western Europe, deriving mainly from France through the Napoleonic struggles. These officers had realised the backwardness of Tsarist autocracy, and now sought to abolish serfdom, as an obstacle to economic prosperity, and modernize Russia through western skilful and philosophical ideas. This was, ironically, the same thing that Peter I had wanted to do. The problem this time was that the Tsars autocracy was at stake.Nikolas I regarded the West as his personal enemies, and therefore ordered the Third Section of his Chancery to use censoring and surveillance methods in order to strictly limit reports of events in Western Europe and to suppress criticism of domestic social conditions. The criticism revealed itself through works of people like Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Chaadaev, but als o through the plays of Nikolai Gogol, who satirised the institution of serfdom in his novel Dead Souls. This is highly correspondent to what was happening in the USA, where Slave narratives like Uncle Toms Cabinand other literary publications were compose by the pro-abolitionists. These works were not censored like in Russia, due to the First Amendment in the United States Constitution Bill of Rights where it is writtenCongress shall make no law()abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.This also clearly shows how in all different the American and Russian society was. In 1858 there were 22.5 million serfs in the Russian countryside. Another 19 million where tied to lands owned by the state. 41.5 million out of a 74 million macrocosm22.The everyday life of a slave and serf in the 19th centuryWhile the white americans in the last part of the 19th century enjoyed a better standard of living than any other people on earth23, the black americans suffering was below criticism. In Russia conditions were of the medieval kind. The North of the USA was more industrialised, while the South act their traditional farming. Of course, there was much farming in the North as well, but due to the industry they posessed, they produced almost 90% of the nations manufactured turnout in the 1850s. Slavery therefore existed only in the South, were there was a supposed need for it. In some defence of the South, only 25% of Southern families owned slaves. In Russia on the other hand, the whole country was based upon the vast countryside. Little industry existed, thus keeping Russian serfs intact on the fields. The number of serfs was naturally greater than the number of slaves.At least in the beginning of the 19th century auctioning was less brutal. at one time dealers and owners advised against splitting up families. It still happened though, and many family members never saying each other again. The splitting up of families terminate in Russia with a law of 1833. Mo st of the slaves were put to do the ruffianly physical work on the cotton fields and farms. The white owners were most often playacting hard work themselves, but the slaves were always lowly to them because in need for money slaves could be sold. In Russia the nobility didnt have to do the hard physical work. The simple and inferior serfs where to do it.Many slaves turned to Christianity and creed in God. In Russia, where the serfs were mainly Orthodox, the Church told people to withstand their hard conditions patiently. Still many, quite understandably, protested against their owners both through resistance to work and violence against them. In the US this often resulted in a visit to the beat up House. The Lasher was a legally-appointed functionary to whom slaves were sent with just a letters bill poster from the owner as to how many lashes the slave was to recieve. This show that even though few people owned slaves in the South, most of them accepted it to rather big extent s.Emancipations comparedThe abolishment of slavery in the USA and the emancipation of the serfs in Russia happened as a consequence of two wars. The American polite War (1861-1865), where the blacks proved themselves through great acts of courage and valour, and the Crimean War (1853-1856), where Russian serf soldiers, even though brave, could not defeat the Western modern troops of Britain and France. The Civil War was to a significant extent the result of tensions between pro- and anti-slavery states, and as the war progressed slavery became the main theme. The Crimean War was the war of one supposed very strong power, Russia, verses Britain and France. Autocracy and serfdom against democracy and industrialisation.I find it very interesting to at this moment observe how the Civil War was about the neccesity of victory to abolish slavery, while the Crimean War resulted in defeat and pre-unintendedly led to emancipation of the serfs as the beginning of tremendous reforms. Note also that both wars and emancipations occurred at approximately the same time.ConclusionWhen we look upon how the United States of America and the Russian Empire came to be, there are practically no similarities, except the law making which defined slaves and serfs. By the mid-19th century slaves and serfs possesed almost the same identical status in their societies, which meant not possesing anything at all. The ethnical difference between slaves and serfs thus loses any significance. both groups where human beings being oppressed by other human beings who acknowledged themselves as being superior.The everyday life of slaves and serfes were both characterised by bad conditions with practically no legal protection. Both slaves and serfs tried some form of riots, both groups consisted of runaways, and physical punishment happened if the owner wasnt satisfied. Suspicion and mistrust was an everyday reality. Both groups experienced auctioning and splitting up of families. Slaves and serfs alike were needed for agricultur in the rural parts of their respective countries. Slave and serf were understood to be inferior to their owners. There was, in quantity, more serfdom in Russia than there was slavery in the US, but in quality they experienced the same discrimination and unrightousness.Even though the slaves came from Africa, and lived as a minority in the USA, they ended up fighting like true heroes for their freedom in the American Civil War. The serfs of Russia where no minority, but actually the majority. They were Russians in bondage. A last comparing of slavery and serfdom would be to try to find out wheter it was worse in the USA or in Russia. I have come to the conclusion that it would be unwise to do so. Both systems consisted of people doing terrible acts against fellow people, black or white doesnt matter. This is also what we should subscribe from this history, and enlighen ourselves minds to fight this kind of atrocity to ever happen again.

Discovering a Culture through Magical Realism Essay -- Literature Essa

Discovering a Culture finished and through wizard(prenominal) Realism Every culture has a memorable type of literature. When genius thinks of English literature, nonpareil thinks of William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens. The American writers Thoreau, Clemens, and Emerson bring to mind the days when America was bland proving herself to be equal to the European countries. France had her own artists, such as Voltaire and Hugo, as did Spain with Cervantes and Dante. However, when one thinks of Latin America, what writers come to mind? very(prenominal) few of these authors are as well known as those mentioned. However, through the concept of a previously unknown literature, the public is viewing Latin America in a refreshed light. witching(prenominal) Realism seems to lease flourished in the warm, tropical climate and has bloomed so beautifully that scholars are at a loss to fully explain this concept and where it originated. Many opinions make it as to the true origins of charming Realism. Flores has claimed that Borges, with his accomplished writings, began the movement. Flores also believes The Metamorphosis, written by Kafka, greatly influenced Borges, while other theories support Franz Roh as the source of this new movement. It seems the phrase was first coined by Roh while describing a new manner of artwork in the 1920s. This new artwork combined reality with a small addition of a nonrealistic aspect. For the most part, the general idea follows the conjecture of Rohs creation. Each culture carves its own notch in the world of literature. America had to create her own new world of literature and still was criticized for not being like the other countries. It seems that when something is different, it is outcast and criticized to a more larger extent than should be. This situation... ... actually originated. The allure of this literature and the controversy concerning it leave alone keep it on a steady rise in popularity through changing ti mes because it is capable of change itself. Magical Realism reminds one of the beauty and the magic that can be found in cursory life. Works Cited Flores, Angel. Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction. Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C. Duke UP, 1995 109-117. Leal, Luis. Magical Realism in Spanish American Literature. Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C. Duke UP, 1995 119-124. Roh, Franz. Magical Realism Post-Expressionism. Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C. Duke UP, 1995 15-31

Imagery of Sacrifice in The School Children Essay -- School Children E

Imagery of Sacrifice in The schoolhouse Children Sacrifice. One simple word brings to mind two completely variant images. Today, sacrifice is most often thought of as a terrible and beautiful act, but also one painful-emotionally, mentally, and physically-involving the surrender of roundthing highly treasured for the sake of something deemed of superior value. On the other hand, when done in the pick out of religion, sacrifice may involve the offering of a gift to some deity in worship or propitiation. Usually when sacrifice involves the latter, the intension of the term darkens, for the dominant image is of ritual slaughter. Generally, we do not signify of mothers or children as being the victims of this type of sacrifice. Imagery in Louise Glck s poem The School Children, however, depicts mothers sacrificing their offspring and themselves for the benefit of the children. The first stanza begins by stating, The children go forward . They are leaving their mothers behind, going to a place unobtainable to them. At the moment the children are on their way to school, but as they progress, they will begin to move past the achievements of their parents. Instead of becoming resentful, the mothers do all they can to ensure this progress continues. All morning the mothers shed labored . They exert themselves strenuously for the benefit of their children. They put forth practically time and energy at manual labor. The mothers labored in well-favoured birth to their children, and are laboring to raise them to adulthood. They sacrifice themselves so that their children may have a future better than their own. ... ...d, for the fruit trees gray limbs do not provide much ammunition in their battle for their children s future. The mothers will not be able to earn enough cash at such menial jobs to provide escape for their offspring or for themselves. Escape will in the end hang on the aptitude and resilience of the children. The School Children present s a heartbreaking depiction of sacrifice and devotion. In a few short lines, Louise Glck portrays the desperate love of mothers for their children. The mothers sacrifice of themselves and those they treasure, bandage painful for all, is an act of love, noble and beautiful. The imagery of The School Children paints pictures of labor, separation, and sacrifice, but ultimately of determination, devotion, and love.

Baldwins Father in Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Playgrounds of Harlem Narrative is a figure out of writing used by writers to convey their experiences to an audience. throng Baldwin is a illustrious author for bringing his experience to literature. He grew up Harlem in the 1940s and 1950s, a crucial point in history for America overdue to the escalading conflict between people of different backwashs marked by the race riots of Harlem and Detroit. This environ custodyt that Baldwin grew up in inspires and influences him to write the narrative Notes of a natural Son, which is based on his experience with racism and the Jim-Crow Laws. The narrative is about his draw and his influence on Baldwins life, which he analyzes and compares to his own experiences. When Baldwin comes into contact with the sharpness of America, he realizes the problems and conflicts he runs into are the same his obtain faced, and that they will stick out the same affect on him as they did his father. Baldwins father died a b roken and ruined man on July 29th, 1943. This only paralleled the chaos occurring approximately him at the time, such as the race riots of Detroit and Harlem which Baldwin describes to be as spoils of injustice, anarchy, discontent, and hatred. (63) His father was born in New Orleans, the first generation of dispense with men in a land where opportunities, real and fancied, are thicker than anywhere else. (63) Although free from slavery, Afri git-Americans still faced the hardships of racism and were still oppressed from any opportunities, which is a factor that led Baldwins father to going mad and last being committed. Baldwin would also later learn how white people would do anything to keep a Negro down. (68) For a preacher, there was little swan and faith his father ... ...his father had acted the way he did, which caused him to be committed. He was facing the same experiences and the same side-effects his father once felt. However, faced with this dilemma between acc eptance and equal power, Baldwin looks to the only man he can trust to help him, his father. He trusts his father because he knows that his father went with the same dilemma he is going through, he has catch up withn the same affects in his fathers rage and hate. However, his father already passed away, and what help that could run through been gathered from his father is gone Baldwin can only piece unitedly his memories of his fathers character and life and compare it to his own to see how the two are really alike.Works CitedBaldwin, James. Notes of a Native Son. 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Sainsbury’s Human Resources Involvement With Health And Safety :: Human Resources Essays

Health and caoutchouc doesnt just glide by in HR. It has to be closely andcarefully monitored at entirely told times. kind-hearted resources must comply with asignifi batcht amount of legislation this is where the gay raceity resourcespart comes into function in this area. Sainsburys HR like any otherbusinesses has a safety policy. This is a legal requirement, thepolicy says in simple terms what the aims of Sainsburys are inrelation to wellness and safety of employees. It as well includes keymembers of staff and actions for carrying out the policy. The policy leave include arrangements covering renting and instruction, companyrules and emergency arrangements. This will be signed by the seniormanger it is revised regularly to be kept up to date. Sainsburys HRhas their own codes of practise this is preposterous to Sainsburys HR asall different businesses have their own. This states what employeesshould do in an even of an emergency, such as a fire, bomb intimidate etc.It says how to contact a first-aider, where a medical room is, callinga doctor and so on. Sainsburys HR has a health and safety office inall their stores they have the responsibility for all health andsafety policies and training. They advise store managers about theirresponsibilities for h+s and make sure that all employees working instores are sensible about them. This is all to do with health andsafety laws. They place a responsibility on both the store managersand employees. Human resources record all accidents in an accidentbook which all employees have, they also record darling misses so theycan see where improvements need to be made.Human resources train new staff for health and safety jobs whichinclude roles being health and safety officers, safety committeemeeting holders etc. Customers are also accounted into the health andsafety acts for Sainsburys HR, these include-* Disability needs accounted for- wheelchair access, lifts, helpers etc* automobile parks- checked regul arly for trolleys causing hazards, etc.* Customer fire exits- unbroken clear at all times.* Shelves- all stacked to the lowest they can be.* Warning signs- always can be visible and heard.* Smoking, drinking, eating- banned in all stores.* Substances and solvents- all kept in unreachable areas for childrens safety (3rd or 4th level shelves).* Toilets- checked e very(prenominal) half an mo for staff and customers.There are a lot more things human resources do toprotect all their customers and employees. Health and safety isimportant for human resources as it protects their employees andcustomers, Sainsburys reputation will not be very good if employees

Comparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodil

Comparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William WordsworthDaffodils was indite by William Wordsworth approximately a centurybefore Miracle on St. Davids Day was write by Gillian Clarke. Dueto this, the poems differ greatly in their style and language. observe the poems at first glance, it is obvious that they alsocontrast in content, save at greater depth, the connections betweenthem are made obvious. In this essay, I will be discussing theconnections and differences between the two poems.The daffodil is the national signic representation of Wales it represents hope, joyand celebration. Both of the poets make this markedly palpable usingthis as a piece for their poems. In Miracle on St. Davids Daydaffodils are mentioned at the offset and end of the poem, carryingsignificance as it is they that remind the big, dumb labouring homophile?of a time when he had something to say. The firearm speaks for the firsttime in forty years, reciting the poe m Daffodils implying that thisis what he has to say the joy and hope elicited in him by two thedaffodils that he sees and the poem Daffodils. Wordsworth is less clear-sighted is his regard of daffodils, his poem is more conspicuous inportraying the fluttering move jocund daffodils as they fillhis heart with pleasure and this image of the daffodils is the identicalthroughout the poem.Both poems depict how it is the daffodils that evoke some form of perception in either the author himself, or a character in the poem. InMiracle on St. Davids Day the yellow and open-moutheddaffodils and the rhythms of the poems remind him that oncehe had something to say and brings him out of his dumbness ofmisery, w... ... importance of a word or feeling I gazed- and gazed To gazeimplies to watch with a certain amount of emotion, unlike to simplylook at something. By repeating the word gaze, he emphasises that theflowers actually meant something to him. Wordsworth also usesonomatopoeia to allo w the indorser to visualise the description, fluttering The word allows the lector to see the daffodilsfluttering, like a butterfly. These descriptive words are often usedin draw with a well-known description for example thefluttering butterflies.Having studied both poems in depth, it is clear that they have moredifferences than similarities. However, they both have the analogousunderlying field of study of something wonderful happening that should betreasured, although they have presented this theme differently to thereader (different setting, characters, topic etc.). Comparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and DaffodilComparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William WordsworthDaffodils was pen by William Wordsworth approximately a centurybefore Miracle on St. Davids Day was written by Gillian Clarke. Dueto this, the poems differ greatly in their style and language. sight the poems at first glance, it is obv ious that they alsocontrast in content, merely at greater depth, the connections betweenthem are made obvious. In this essay, I will be discussing theconnections and differences between the two poems.The daffodil is the national symbol of Wales it represents hope, joyand celebration. Both of the poets make this markedly palpable usingthis as a theme for their poems. In Miracle on St. Davids Daydaffodils are mentioned at the first and end of the poem, carryingsignificance as it is they that remind the big, dumb labouring man?of a time when he had something to say. The man speaks for the firsttime in forty years, reciting the poem Daffodils implying that thisis what he has to say the joy and hope evoked in him by both thedaffodils that he sees and the poem Daffodils. Wordsworth is less penetrative is his regard of daffodils, his poem is more conspicuous inportraying the fluttering terpsichore jocund daffodils as they fillhis heart with pleasure and this image of the daffodils is t he self very(prenominal)(prenominal)throughout the poem.Both poems depict how it is the daffodils that evoke some form ofemotion in either the author himself, or a character in the poem. InMiracle on St. Davids Day the yellow and open-moutheddaffodils and the rhythms of the poems remind him that oncehe had something to say and brings him out of his dumbness ofmisery, w... ... importance of a word or emotion I gazed- and gazed To gazeimplies to watch with a certain amount of emotion, unlike to simplylook at something. By repeating the word gaze, he emphasises that theflowers actually meant something to him. Wordsworth also usesonomatopoeia to allow the reader to visualise the description, fluttering The word allows the reader to see the daffodilsfluttering, like a butterfly. These descriptive words are often usedin connective with a well-known description for example thefluttering butterflies.Having studied both poems in depth, it is clear that they have moredifferences than si milarities. However, they both have the sameunderlying theme of something wonderful happening that should betreasured, although they have presented this theme differently to thereader (different setting, characters, topic etc.).