THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Changes In Altitude Have A

THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Changes in altitude have a profound effect on the human body. The body attempts to maintain a state of homeostasis or balance to ensure the optimal operating environment for its complex chemical systems. Any change from this homeostasis is a change away from the optimal operating environment. The body attempts to correct this imbalance. One such imbalance is the effect of increasing altitude on the body's ability to provide adequate oxygen to be utilized in cellular respiration. With an increase in elevation, a typical occurrence when climbing mountains, the body is forced to respond in various ways to the changes in external environment. Foremost of these changes is the diminished ability to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere. If the adaptive responses to this stressor are inadequate the performance of body systems may decline dramatically. If prolonged the results can be serious or even fatal. In looking at the effect of altitude on b ody functioning we first must understand what occurs in the external environment at higher elevations and then observe the important changes that occur in the internal environment of the body in response. HIGH ALTITUDE In discussing altitude change and its effect on the body mountaineers generally define altitude according to the scale of high (8,000 - 12,000 feet), very high (12,000 - 18,000 feet), and extremely high (18,000+ feet), (Hubble, 1995). A common misperception of the change in external environment with increased altitude is that there is decreased oxygen. This is not correct as the concentration of oxygen at sea level is about 21% and stays relatively unchanged until over 50,000 feet (Johnson, 1988). What is really happening is that the atmospheric pressure is decreasing and subsequently the amount of oxygen available in a single breath of air is significantly less. At sea level the barometric pressure averages 760 mmHg while at 12,000 feet it is only 483 mmHg. T his decrease in total atmospheric pressure means that there are 40% fewer oxygen molecules per breath at this altitude compared to sea level (Princeton, 1995). HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The human respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and transferring it to the cells where it can be utilized for cellular activities. It also removes carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system draws air initially either through the mouth or nasal passages. Both of these passages join behind the hard palate to form the pharynx. At the base of the pharynx are two openings. One, the esophagus, leads to the digestive system while the other, the glottis, leads to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the glottis when swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs. When the epiglottis is not covering the opening to the lungs air may pass freely into and out of the trachea. The trachea sometimes called the "windpipe" branches into two bronchi which in turn lead to a lung. Once in the lung the bronchi branch many times into smaller bronchioles which eventually terminate in small sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli that the actual transfer of oxygen to the blood takes place. The alveoli are shaped like inflated sacs and exchange gas through a membrane. The passage of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood is dependent on three major factors: 1) the partial pressure of the gases, 2) the area of the pulmonary surface, and 3) the thickness of the membrane (Gerking, 1969). The membranes in the alveoli provide a large surface area for the free exchange of gases. The typical thickness of the pulmonary membrane is less than the thickness of a red blood cell. The pulmonary surface and the thickness of the alveolar membranes are not directly affected by a change in altitude. The partial pressure of oxygen, however, is directly related to altitude and affects gas transfer in the alveoli. GAS TRANSFER To understand gas trans fer it is important to first understand something about the behavior of gases. Each gas in our atmosphere exerts its own pressure and acts independently of the others. Hence the term partial pressure refers to the contribution of each gas to the entire pressure of the atmosphere. The average

The Writer of an Argumentative Essay Must Consider Several Different Things

The Writer of an Argumentative Essay Must Consider Several Different ThingsThe writer of an argumentative essay must consider several different aspects of their work. This article will give you a brief overview of the different points to consider as you write your own argumentative essay. It is important to remember that no matter how well written your essay may be, if it is filled with factual errors and inaccurate opinions, then it will be little more than a sham.The most essential part of any argumentative essay is its thesis statement. The thesis statement is the core of your argument and all other content in the essay. The purpose of this statement is to state who you are, what you believe, and what your viewpoint is. Therefore, it is critical that you consider how well you can support your thesis statement in your essay.Once you have established your thesis statement, the next thing to consider is the overall structure of your essay. Most people tend to skip this step of the pr ocess because they do not understand how much thought it takes to come up with an effective essay structure. There are two main types of essay structures: linear and non-linear. Linear structures are very straight forward and usually involve writing one or two paragraphs and then switching viewpoints.Non-linear essays tend to use a 'road map' to go from point A to point B. You will likely start by telling the reader why your perspective is the best one and then transition into presenting your point. The length of this section should be set up to be easy to read, and at the same time be able to support your opinion.The writer of an argumentative essay must also make sure that their argument is well organized. You can accomplish this with a guide to organize your essay. Some of the different types of guides include: While each of these guides is designed to be used in order to organize your essay, it is important that you take some time to think about what they are saying. Once you ar e able to properly organize your essay, you will be well on your way to building a successful argument. In order to develop a strong argument, the writer of an argumentative essay must consider several different aspects of their work.First, the writer of an argumentative essay must consider the reason for writing the essay. There are many different reasons that a person will write an essay. If the writer of an argumentative essay writes their essay simply because they want to sound intelligent, they are likely to produce an argument that is completely useless.The writer of an argumentative essay must also consider how well their argument fits into the overall perspective of the student. For example, if the student is liberal, the argument must include two opposing viewpoints to prove that both viewpoints are correct. If the student is conservative, the essay should feature evidence that shows that there is no logical reason for one side to be considered correct and the other incorre ct.

Research Papers For Sale Online - How to Find One For Your Schooling Needs

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Free Essays on Indo European Language

). Cantonese and Mandarin are another two languages that are similar to each other, but they are very different from either English or German. A type of scientist called a "Historical Linguist" looks at similar languages and tries to reconstruct the language that was the ancestor of both the modern languages. Sometimes, if he's very lucky, he will find writing in the ancestral language, which lets him check his work. For example, French and Spanish are very similar because they both came from Latin, and we have lots of written Latin to prove it! More often, historical linguists are not that lucky. The beginning of Historical Linguistics was probably a paper read by Sir William Jones in 1786 that discusse... Free Essays on Indo European Language Free Essays on Indo European Language There are two ways to study the way that language has changed over time. The first is to start at the beginning of language and trace changes forward through time. The other is to start with language as we know it now and trace its changes backward as far as we can go. Let's try both. About seven million years ago, a type of ape lived in Africa. Some of its descendants are called "gorillas," some are called "chimpanzees," and some of them are us. Two out those three descendant species don't speak, so we are fairly sure that this ancestral ape didn't speak, either. Our own ancestors, and only our own ancestors, started to speak at some time between then and now. We don't know when language started. We don't know why it started. This is not very good progress! Perhaps we can learn more by looking at our current languages and working backwards. Some languages are very similar to each other in vocabulary and grammar. For example, the German word "Mann" and the English "man," the German word "jahre" (pronounced "yar") and the English "year" are very similar. Grammatical similarities between English and German include the use of male, female and neuter genders for every noun. ("He," "she," and "it" are the English words). Cantonese and Mandarin are another two languages that are similar to each other, but they are very different from either English or German. A type of scientist called a "Historical Linguist" looks at similar languages and tries to reconstruct the language that was the ancestor of both the modern languages. Sometimes, if he's very lucky, he will find writing in the ancestral language, which lets him check his work. For example, French and Spanish are very similar because they both came from Latin, and we have lots of written Latin to prove it! More often, historical linguists are not that lucky. The beginning of Historical Linguistics was probably a paper read by Sir William Jones in 1786 that discusse...

Blog Post Comments Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog Post Comments - Article Example This is mainly because of their sexual orientation. There are laws in place, which prohibit sexual discrimination and harassment in the workplace (cavallkm 1). Currently, many company policies also provide job security for the gay community. Employees are being desensitized and educated on equality and gender equity. Many believe that military work is masculine, and this is why the gay community finds it hard blending in such institutions like the army and the police force. It will take time before accept the gay community. Policies such as Don’t Ask Don’t Tell is widely in place as those of the gay community choose to keep to themselves. The case of Landon Wilson puts into perspective the challenges faced by the lesbian and gay community. They face constant discrimination in the workplace and usually find it hard settling in many work settings. In order for this group of people to be allowed to integrate with other members of society, it will take a joint effort from all the concerned parties. Not until recently has same-sex marriage been legalized in many countries in Europe, as well as a number of states in the US. For a long while, same-sex couples had been living together in secret. The legalization of gay marriages has been debated in the Senate for many years. As recent as January 2015 did the US Supreme Court agree to rule on gay marriage. The first legal gay marriage in the USA took place in May 2004 (Rimmerman and Wilcox 1). The Christian Church community as a whole have collectively opposed same-sex marriage. The constitution defends the right of two people of the same-sex to marry. The Senate constantly debates on the issue of the freedom and rights of same-sex couples. European countries including Denmark and UK allow same-sex marriage. Currently, same-sex marriage is legal and effective in 37 states of the USA. Recently, 15 states called the Supreme Court to uphold the same-sex

Choosing the Right Asic Subject Mid Term Papers

Choosing the Right Asic Subject Mid Term PapersAs the number of IT companies is growing and professionals are opting for jobs in the IT industry, the number of students pursuing Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Information Systems has increased. There are now more students taking up Computer Information Systems subjects like Internet Programming, System Design, Database Management, Artificial Intelligence and networking.It has become an extremely important subject, since it deals with all aspects of business including its technological aspects. Computers and network technologies are very much an integral part of the IT industry and help to make information accessible and helpful to the customers. The importance of this subject is constantly growing because of the need to provide better quality services to the customers. The specialization of the subject provides more scope to students who wish to pursue a career in the IT industry.There are many technical courses available whic h you can enroll for if you are planning to take up Computer Information Systems courses. Some of the very popular subjects include Microelectronics, Computer Architecture, Network Programming, Internet Programming, System Security, Internet Distribution Systems, Human Computer Interaction, Web Development, GUI Programming, Storage Management and Automation, User Interface Design, Operating Systems Design, Application Architecture, Business Intelligence, Web Application Development, Online Marketing, Business Process and Software Development. These courses enable you to learn the skills to become a good professional in the IT industry.However, not all the technical courses are equally important. You should take care of two things before choosing any one of these courses. First, you should choose a course that is best suited to your choice of career. This is because a technical course can only provide you with the basic knowledge required to perform the tasks you would be doing in yo ur career.Second, you should select technical courses that help you gain skills that are not taught in any other subject. These subjects help you learn how to obtain better results by acquiring better knowledge and this is how you can prepare yourself to understand the new concepts introduced by the IT industries. It is through these skills that you can differentiate yourself from other students and do better in the career field.There are various kinds of courses that are available in the market for such technical courses. These courses are quite expensive and hence students prefer to opt for pre-requisites courses. Such courses are expensive but they also give more knowledge to the students.If you really want to pursue a career in the IT industry, then take a course on Computer Engineering, Telecommunications Engineering or Networking for example. These courses are very much helpful and help you to learn about networking and computer networks.

Critical reading reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical reading reflection - Essay Example benefits such as leave for maternal and paternal applications; child-related issues (tax exemption, according family allowances, provision of social welfare assistance); and child support when in custody of the state or through foster parents. From among the assessment measures that Krull discussed, the impact on policies to child and adult poverty was comprehensively presented, to include historical and comparative performance from the time policymakers passed a resolution that earmarked the need to eradicate child poverty by the year 2000 (Krull). An evaluation was likewise reviewed on the implications of policies implemented on child care where it was recommended that a closer look at Quebec’s family policy model which actively implements a universal child care program and addresses poverty of the family through taking into consideration facets of addressing unemployment. As such, it was proposed that Quebec’s family policy model should be emulated for more effective results. One strongly believes that the main points that were presented and discussed by the author have been duly supported and validated. The issues on family and child-related policies were effectively discussed using the most appropriate choice of benefits that were accessed. A discussion of the assessment measures was also validated as a means to measure the performance of these policies and the outcomes that ensued from the times relevant resolutions were enacted. The discussion on the effect of the resolution aiming to eradicate child poverty, for instance, was presented in a comprehensive and cohesive manner which were supported using statistics and the support from credible secondary sources. The overall discussion of main issues used reliable and credible support through narrative discourse, historical references, statistics, and provision of examples. The structure of overall presentation was clear and straightforward through the use of logical approach. A theoretical framework