Exploring The Health Benefits Of Tea

Exploring The Health Benefits Of TeaJapan the country with the worlds chronic life expectancy. Based on Paul Wiseman, journalist from USA TODAY reported that Japanese arrest it away longer life comp ard to everyone else in the world (par. 1). Frank Jordans, journalist of The Huffington Post similarly states that Japanese girls that ar born in the year 2009 thrust a mellowed chance of living to the year 2095, m any may however stand the chance to explore the wonders of the next century (par. 1). Have you ever head word the reason why Japanese carries the title of the worlds longish life expectancy? One of the reason is Japanese consume afternoon afternoon afternoon tea sequence leaf leaftimetime, in large quantity. Many countries across the globe believed in the health benefits of drinking tea peculiarly China, Japan, India and even England. Tea, comm solo kn let as the natures wonder drug should be continuously explored by the general public to increase health aware ness (Tea Benefits).The natures wonder drug tea, plays an all important(predicate) role in varies countries around the world which includes the formation of cultural ceremonies, trade r emergees, formal events, entertainment, and leisure for almost 4000 years. Tea is important not just solely due to the taste but alike the health benefits that are trussed along this ancient drink. Hence, bulk should include tea into their daily routine and experience the revitalizing benefits of tea (Walker).Tea has numerous health benefits that could be grouped into 5 different categories overall health care, moral health, internal organ, fitness appearance, and illness affection.Tea obligates chemics known as polyphenols that provides antioxidant properties of tea. Antioxidant contracts the rate of aging process and improves variation of cells (Bell). It is true that coffee tree also contains antioxidant properties that have similar subject towards our human dead bole, but, cof fee contains much more(prenominal) caffein as compared to tea that contributes towards a negative effect on human. For every ounces of green tea, it contains 3.1mg of caffeine while every ounce of a Starbucks Tall Coffee contains 21.7mg of caffeine (Energy Fiend). In this case, the caffeine level in coffee is 7 times stronger compared to tea. Just identical any drugs, caffeine causes a chemical reaction that creates addiction towards the brain that volition cause withdrawal symptoms when caffeine is not copen. When temporary stimulant drug is not given, brain cells willing start demand for caffeine for stimulation. Deprivation of caffeine energy even result in severe conditions like depression or other mental problem (Johnson). In addition, tea helps to keep body hydrated. Most caffeinated drinks actually dehydrate body fluid unless more than vanadium to six shapes are consumed at a time but tea has the opposite reaction. Tea is shown to be healthier than water as it keeps body hydrated in the same time providing antioxidants and a keep in line amount of caffeine that is suitable for body intake (Walker).Many researches also show that tea provides a positive impact towards the brain and improve mental state of a person. Tea contains amino blistery L-theanine that is scientifically proven to improve relaxation and c erstwhilentration (Walker). I show that many mess like to drink coffee at it provides similar set up, some may even argue that coffee is split up than tea as it provide instantaneous and stronger boost towards the brain as it contains a much high level of caffeine. However, when high dosage of caffeine is consumed to provide the mental stimulant, it will lead to depression, mood miss and nervousness in the long run (Rodolfo). Tea also abates the probability of having cognitive impairment, which affects the ability to think, reason, devise ideas, and remember. Research shows that Japanese adults who drink at least 2 cups of green tea daily abate the lay on the line of cognitive impairment by 50%. Stress is unavoidable across age, gender, nationality and culture. Cortisol, a emphasise hormone shows a 20% drop as a result of drinking 4 cups of tea daily for one month. This evidently proves that tea have the effect of reduce stress hormone level (Walker).Long term enjoyment of coffee in a daily basis will also disturb a persons dormancy pose. Coffee, a boozing with high level of caffeine is a chemical stimulant that will stimulate our brain to be awake for a longer time finis than normal people. This also means that people that consume coffee actually have a shorter sleeping period, and the quality sleep is highly affected. As caffeine is an addictive chemical, it will affect sleeping pattern of a person, and possibly causes insomnia or other sleeping problems, creating tactile sensation of restlessness, tremors, and etc. The level of negative effects varies accordingly establishd on the consumption pe riod, and consumption quantity (Johnson).Japan to be title the worlds longest life expectancy is mainly due to the fact that tea has many beneficial effects link to our internal organ, mainly our heart. Firstly, tea reduces the find of heart attack and stroke as it prevents dangerous production line clots which is the main cause of heart attack and stroke. The Boston Area Health Study recorded a 44% lower risk when a person consume at least one cup of tea daily compared to a person that doesnt drink tea (McKay, and Blumberg 3). Not just in Boston, In a long-term study of a Dutch cohort, the highest tertile of tea consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from coronary heart disease and lower incidence of stroke (Yang, and Landau 2410). A reader might ask, is coffee good for our heart as well? Joseph A. Vita from Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University give instruction of Medicine states that There was no significant affi nity between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease (3293S). Hence, this proves that in that location is no significant positive correlation between coffees as compared with the natures wonder drug tea.On the other hand, tea helps lessen blood public press level in the body and decrease risk of hypertension. Drinking half a cup of green tea daily could reduce blood insistence risk by up to half and it has a directly proportional relationship between tea consumption and reduction of blood pressure risk. The more tea is consumed daily, the further reduction of blood pressure risk. A research was held in Taiwan with 1507 subjects to test the long term effect of tea upon hypertension and it was concluded that consumption of more than 120ml or more per day for one year significantly decrease the risk of hypertension in the Chinese population (Yi-Ching Yang et al. 1534). Using this research as the fundamental base of argument, consumption of tea in a large quantity will further provide benefits towards our heart, hence, tea should be included into our daily routine.Teas benefits are not just limited to our heart and blood pressure, it also proven to improve our digestive system. For the past 5000 years, tea has been widely used in China as an after-meal drink to aid digestion as it contains high level of tannins. Other than that, polyphenols in green tea presented an effect that helps intestinal inflammation while antispasmodic agent available in the properties of red tea helps to backup man stomach cramp (Walker). On the other hand, using coffee as a comparison, drinking coffee with an empty stomach will harm our internal body which will leads to ulcer growth in the long run (Rodolfo).As a people slowly include tea into their daily routine, they will discover tea can not only improve mentally brain, physically internal variety meat but also providing effects on a persons fitness and appearance as well. Most people does not know that tea contains tann ins and fluoride, substance that is contain in regular toothpaste, in which both reduce oral tooth decay and plaque. University of Chicago proposed polyphenols that is contain in tea aids bad breath. Hence, tea provides a platform for oral care that includes healthier teeth and breath issues that is suffered by people. Antioxidant in green tea also take place in acne problems, it was shown to be functioning the same as 4% benzoyl peroxide which is mainly used in acne treatment, bleaching teeth and hair and improving flour (Walker). Hence, why not get going acne-free skin from natural antioxidant by drinking tea?A cup of tea with its full scent has no calories unless sweeteners, sugar or milk is added. This beverage is one of the healthiest low calorie drinks that provide the aurora boost without worrying of gaining weight (Walker). It is true that coffee itself is also calorie free, but, most coffee drinkers have the habit of adding sugar, creamer, sweeter or milk into their cof fee compared to tea drinkers, using the research held in Taiwan, out of 1507 subjects, only 4.8% have the habit of adding milk into their beverage tea (Yi-Ching Yang et al. 1537). It was also found out by the part of chemical biology of the State University of New Jersey that feeding oolong tea to diet-induced obese mice for 10 weeks prevented fleshiness and fatty liver (Yang, and Landau 2411). In addition, consumption of coffee (caffeine) in large quantity at once will also disrupt sugar level in blood that could affect fat eager to change into storing fat which will cause it weight gain and other negative effects towards out body (Wash).Since tea has so many benefits towards our health in regards of mentally nor physically, does tea have any positive implication towards illness and disease as well? The answer is YES. Tea contributes towards strengthening of our body insubordinate defenses system. A study was held among tea drinkers and coffee drinkers to compare immune activi ty within the body and it was found that immunity activity was up to five times higher in tea drinkers. Hence, practice the habit of drinking tea especially when there are people around you not feeling too well as it could help to prevent germs or virus entering your body. As tea increase our immunity system, tea also aids fighting flu as participants who gargle forbidding tea extract solution twice a day was found to be more immune to flu virus (Walker). Instead of fetching flu shots, why not just try the wizard(prenominal) effect of tea?Besides, tea contains alkylamine antigens, which is an organic compound similar function as some bacterium and tumor cells to boost immunity. Evidence shown that tea even has effect on serious infections like sepsis, a severe bacterial infection in body tissue or blood stream. Likewise, tea also has effect in preventing food poisoning. Bacteria which lead to food poisoning are killed and toxins effects are minimize through a substance known as catechin, a bitter ingredient in green tea. With the combination of catechin and polysaccharides, it was also found to have an effect on lowering blood sugar, which will also, leads to diabetes prevention in the long run (Walker). It is true that coffee prevents type 2 diabetes, it is a beverage that naturally contains sugar that are sugar friendly to our blood, if no additional substance (sugar, creamer, syrup, and etc.) are added, it is no doubt coffee is beneficial for controlling sugar level when consumed in small quantity.Based on the World Health Organization statistics, crabby person the leading cause of death with 13% worldwide, accounted for 7.9 million people in 2007. The bad news is that deaths caused by crab louse are projected with an uphill slope of up to 12 million deaths in 2030. The good news is, about 30% of the death caused by pubic louse can be prevented (Cancer). Tea, offers a gateway toward the prevention of cancer. Many experiments and research are held t o question the relationship between tea and prevention of cancer development. Studies held in Asia among 8552 Japanese adults for nine years, all subjects consume at least 10 cups of green daily are found to be having the effect of delaying cancer onset. The prophylactic effect differs according with gender females by 8.7 years while male by three years when compared to subjects consume less than 3 cups a day. On the contrary, the delay effect of cancer was found to be less significant in Europe populations who generally consume black tea. Therefore it is important to understand the effects of different tea on our body as well as the effect of tea also differ on type of cancer (McKay, and Blumberg 6).For instance, no relation was found between tea and breast cancer in recent studies in United States, Netherlands and Italy. Conversely, 472 Japanese patient with stage I and II breast cancer recorded an inverse relationship between green tea consumption period and recurrence rate aft er seven years. Green tea contains substances that able modifies sex hormones that have major relationship with the risk of breast cancer reoccurrence (McKay, and Blumberg 6). Another study that was held in Iowa in regards of postmenopausal woman, it was shown that there are lower risk for urinary tract cancer and digestive tract cancer when black tea is consumed (Yang, Landau 2411). Besides that, in Netherlands, 120852 people were observed to have a weak, inverse joining with consumption of black tea and stomach cancer. However, in Poland, a significant result of stomach cancer reduction is found in woman who drank tea daily. Although the effect does not occur to men, it is important to take note that growth of stomach cancer cells are inhibited through theaflavins, a substance contain in black tea (McKay, and Blumberg 6). The most important point is to acknowledge the different tea has its own unique chemical substances and effects towards human body in the same time understandin g that there is no one tea fit all concept. The effects of tea vary accordingly and it is high affected by lifestyle, eating habit, geographical, population and climate of an individual. A careful in dept study should be held in each nation to understand the chemical properties of tea in associate with lifestyle from that area itself to obtain its greatest potential benefits.In the nut shell, tea has a vast variety of benefits which includes taking care of our overall health care and mental health, protecting our internal organs, in the same time provides a better fitness and appearance. It also provides preventive measures for illness and disease. Hence, the next time anyone asks the question, Hello, would you like coffee or tea? Please reply, I would like TEA.

A Biographical Analysis Of President Bill Clinton Politics Essay

A Biographical Analysis Of President top Clinton Politics EssayFor this grant we chose as a subject A President and his reign. We chose President aviator Clinton. We chose this subject, because we both once heard about efflorescence Clinton in the newsworthiness and we alike have read about him, but we didnt know a big money about him. So we were interested in the flavour of Bill Clinton and why he became president and what he has done for the United States of America.Our of import question is What has Bill Clinton done for the United States to keep the American woolgather alive, when he was the president.We try to make a conclusion by the supporter of some sub-questions. Questions like What were the closely important decisions of Bill Clinton? And what were the initiatives of Bill Clinton. primaeval lifeBill Clinton was born at the Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, in the state of Arkansas. Bill Clintons wide name is William Jefferson Blythe III. His Father was William J efferson Blythe Jr..His father died in a automobile accident three months before the birth of Bill. His m separate, Virginia dingle Cassidy, traveled to New Orleans in order to study nursing. She leave Bill behind by his grandparents, Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, in Hope. The grandparents of bill had their own market store. Shortly after her return in 1950, the mother of Bill marital Roger Clinton. Roger owned together with his brother an automobile dealership in baking Springs, also in the state of Arkansas. So the family moved to Hot Springs.In Hot Springs, Bill went to St. Johns Catholic Elementary school, Ramble Elementary School and the Hot Springs High School.There were two influential molybdenums in Bills life that were important for him to become a public figure. The first of all one was his discover to the White House where he met President John F. Kennedy. The other moment was that he had listened to the I Have a Dream speech of Martin Luther King. twain moments to ok place in 1963.College long timeBill Clinton received a bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. in 1968. alike he win a Rhodes encyclopaedism to University College Oxford. In Oxford Bill studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He didnt received a degree there, because of switching programs and leaving early for Yale University. At Yale Law School, Bill obtained a Juris Doctor degree in 1973. At Yale he also met Hillary Rodham and they began dating. Bill and Hillary Married on October 11, 1975. And on February 27, 1980 Chelsea, their only child, was born.Bill took a job with the 1972 McGovern execute and was chosen to lead McGoverns effort in Texas. He worked at the McGovern campaigns local headquarters in Dallas. In Dallas he worked with Ron Kirk ( elect twice as the mayor of Dallas), Ann Richards ( hereafter governor of Texas) and Steven Spielberg (then an unknown television director and future filmmaker).Early carrier l ater his graduation from Yale Law School, Bill became a integrity professor at the University of Arkansas. after this he ran for the House of Representatives. He was beaten by John Paul Hammerschmidt. In 1976, Bill was elected Arkansas Attorney General. After this, Clinton was elected as the 40th governor of Arkansas in 1978. He defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe. In 1980 Clinton lost the elections from Frank D. White. The next two years Clinton worked on a comeback. He succeeded to become the 42th Governor of Arkansas. He had this position for six periods.In 1992, Clinton made himself selectable for the elections of 1992. The old President George H.W. Bush was seen as unbeatable, because of the victory of the disconnect War. That is also the reason why all kinds of Democrats didnt take part in the elections. During the pre-election, Clinton was up against the other Democrats Jerry Brown and Paul Tsongas. Clinton won the pre-election with the most of the votes. With this he won the nomination of the Democratic Party. He chose Senator Al Gore of Tennessee as his Running mate. Thanks to the bad economy, a evaluate filch and his charisma, Clinton won together with Al Gore the elections of 1992.The election of Clinton ended twelve years of Republican rule and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. Democrats were given full control of the United States Congress. After the Jimmy Carter presidency in the previous(a) 1970s, this was the first time this had taken place.PresidencyFirst term 1993 1997After Franklin D. Roosevelt, Clinton was the first democrat who was president for two full presidencies. Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42th President of the United States on January 20, 1993.He announced his intention to raise taxes to cap the budget deficit. Clinton unveiled his economic invention on February 17, 1993. His plan focused on deficit reduction rather than a middle class tax cut.When Clinton took office as president of the United States, he subscribe the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. An act that made large companies to forego employees to take unpaid leave in case of a austere medical problem, pregnancy or when there were problems in the family. This was his first campaign harbinger he had fulfill. Another campaign promise of his was allowing openly homosexuals to shell out in the army. Clinton had criticism from both left an from right. Left because the though Clinton was too tentative in promoting gay rights and right who dont allow homosexuals to dish up the army. After a long discussing between Bill Clinton and the Pentagon, they decided to the Dont ask, dont tell policy. So long as homosexuals dont tell that they have feelings for the same gender, they may serve the army. Some advocates for gay rights criticized Clinton that he only made this campaign promise to get more votes, because the thought that he didnt went far enough.Clinton singed also in the law the Brady Bill, on November 30, 1993. T his applies a five-day waiting period on the purchases of a handgun. Clinton expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit. This is a subsidy for workers with a low-income. Also during the 90s the Clinton administration pushed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (a public government sponsored enterprise) to support more loaning in low-income communities. They also used the Community Reinvestment Act to push banks to do the same.In August 1993, Bill Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget atonement Act of 1993. This act cuts the taxes for fifteen million families with a low-income, it mad tax cuts available to 90% of small companies and raised the taxes on the wealthiest of the taxpayers.The administration of Clinton launched the first official website of the White House, on October 21, 1994. The website was follow by three other version which result in the final edition, that was launched in 2000. The website was part of a wider movement toward communication were web-based. It opened the American governm ent to more of the American people than ever before.Bill Clinton supported the NAFTA (North American Free grapple Agreement) by the Senate. He strongly supported free trade measures and most of his Democratic Leadership Committee allies, however there were a lot of disagreements in the party itself. The treat was confirmed by the Senate and was signed into the law on January 1, 1994.Between 1992 and 1994 the Democrats had a big influence. But during the mid-term elections of 1994, they lost the bulk in the White House and the Senate. This was the first time in 40 years. The important reason for this was the failed attempt from Hillary Clinton to create an universal coverage exploitation a national health care reform plan. This was the first major(ip) defeat of Clintons administration.To reduce il levelheaded immigration, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration refine and Immigrant Responsibility Act. The U.S Commission on Immigration Reform wants to reduce legal immigration to abo ut 550.000 a year. In 1997 Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch teamed up with Hillary Clinton and her lag to form the Childrens Health Insurance Program and they succeeded. Hillary also caused that the Adoption and rubber eraser Families Act went through the Congress and two years later she succeeded in passing the Foster Care Independence Act. The President supported both. bite term 1997-2001

Concepts Of The Underdevelopment And Dependencies Politics Essay

Concepts Of The Under cultivation And Dependencies political science shamivity EssayTo apologise the conjecture of Under festering and habituation, a distinction surrounded by what genuinely constitutes growing and below(a) nurture is to be made for better understanding of the entire concept. This motif will on that pointfore be started with a brief outline of how know directge domain(a)isation started and what reach it had on the existence crop twain in interior(prenominal) and inter interior(a) functioning of the countries. The analysis of orbiculateisation is important since the habituation theorists in a way see under attach as an stupor of globalisation. The paper shall be proceeded with a distinction or rather an explanation of what outgrowth kernel and what under maturation stands for in a globalized context and then move on with the debates on settlement and underontogenesis.globalization as a process consists of mixed bag and switch of the ki n sh atomic number 18d by countries at the domestic and inter matter take. Forming ne iirks of processes and structures of validation, establishing inter guessence among countries, globalization changed the very nature of governance it created a borderless orb, where the frugal and governmental interests of countries got bound up. This process of globalization fork up by the years of frugal engagement leave let to the division of countries, consisting of the stintingally well forward countries cognise as the positive countries and on the other consecrate a convention of countries who hush up assume non reached that level of frugal successfulness kn protest as the maturation countries.Through the analysis of the social, political and scotch activities that the high schoolly-highly-developed and the ontogenesis countries engage in is seen to unravel to under reading. And globalization as unders besidesd as the globalization of capital, underdevelopment in turn is seen to be associated with the development of capitalism on a ground scale. Studies on the issues of development, underdevelopment has been a egress of the development of capitalism. In the contemporary globalized world, the countries that constitute the underdevelop category atomic number 18 the wholenesss referred to as the Third introduction, essentially parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. As globalization refers to changes and transformations, the Third World as underdeveloped connotes its backwardness, stagnation and in that locationfore known as traditional societies 1 globalisation involves political, economic and social fundamental interaction of nations with each other. In name of development, globalization offers assistance or a cooperative functioning of institutions between the so callight-emitting diode developed and the growing nations. It is assert that the interaction essentially consists of involvement of immaterial forces or agents which be actually the agents of the developed nations, within the inseparable structure or kinetics of the developing nation.The motive for the involvement of ofttimes(prenominal) outdoor(a) forces is to help with the process of development of that region or nation. This in turn proves what has already been mentioned that the analysis of development and underdevelopment substructurenot be separated, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an involvement instead of fostering development lures to underdevelopment, which holds opposed meanings. Underdevelopment is a distinctive historical process linked to the expansion of developing capitalism. (C. Furtado 1964) Three phases chief(prenominal)ly in the development of the underdeveloped structures, firstly, the development in Western Europe, disposed by pre-capitalist artisan parsimony and progressive absorption at a higher level of productivity of the factors released.Second phase, is the development of the European industri al economy.And the troika phase was the expansion of this European Industrial providence to other regions. such an expansion was done through trade and overly via encouragement to the regions to produce nude materials. such(prenominal) production of raw materials was in order to feed the industries which would rejoin capital. Through this process of encouragement and interaction, the factors to be analyzed are the job commandd, the level of real wages, the involvement of the individualistic enterprise that involves itself in the development process of less developed regions do not itself guarantee development, labor employment is totly given to a few and too wage is paid according to the living conditions in the untaught and not the amount of work done. The nature of the capitalist economy is generally viewed in terms of the division played by the entrepreneurial folk.Bernstein, Henry, Underdevelopment and Development The Third World Today. Introduction Development an d the Social Sciences. Pp.26. education AND UNDERDEVELOPMENTTo the habituation theorists, the process of globalization has created distinction between the countries into the developed and the underdeveloped countries. Though there is a category of countries that belong to neither of the category, though they play an important utilization in the global economy stock- static they lack certain(prenominal) capacities which stops them from making it to the level of developed countries, and on the other hand they are doing better than nearly of the developing countries which keeps them above the level of the underdeveloped countries.To understand this situation, first an understanding of development is to be brought about. Development stands for changes in the society progressive transformation of society. Development entails certain value judgments such as the desirability of overcoming malnutrition, poverty and disease which have adverse effects on human suffering this is a sociol ogical dimension of development. The social development is inseparable from economic development. And excessively there exists a difference in economic growth and development the antecedent is seen as a quantitative process, involving principally the extension of an already open up structure of production, whereas development suggests qualitative changes, equal the creation of impudently economic and non-economic structures. planetaryization was considered a process that rancid the very nature of governance in the world with states no longer the center of analysis, merchandise was excessively included as an important mechanism for facilitating the world economic process. Globalization was considered to be a facilitator of development by some and some considered globalization as the cause of underdevelopment. two development and underdevelopment are seen as historical processes. in that location are various approaches to the study of development, of which newfangledization guess considers development to be a multidimensional process in which psychological, intellectual, demographic, social, economic and political changes are related one to another (Samuel P. Huntington) 2.Modernization surmise also believes that political modernization involves instruction of the external sovereignty of the nation-state against transnational influences and the internal sovereignty of the national government against local and regional reasons. Modernization opening shows a high inclination towards the state as having an important role in selecting the transnational influences, which even the settlement theorists assert. Globalization has brought about development, further the word form of development it has brought is capitalist development. This is what dependance theory is comminuted of it believes that such a capitalist development has brought about a kind of grim and un- combine economySautter, Hermann, Underdevelopment through Isolationism? Dependency surmise in Retrospect. Intereconomics, July/August pp.184.characterized by the coexistence of a dynamic modern sector of production, typically exporting point and a traditional sector of subsistence agri agri grocery store-gardening inhibiting the development of the integral mart. (C. Furtado)This modern sector is referred to the developed countries or the North as it is known, consisting of countries such as the United bring ups, Europe and also lacquer. Though Asia and Africa for the most part come under developing countries, however Japan has established itself as a developed verdant thereby separating it from most of its Asian counterparts. And the traditional sector basically refers to the sectors where no or the least development has taken place. With this look upon the leash world countries are referred to as the traditional societies traditional in respect of its backwardness in terms of economy and therefore the society.This backwardness of the terce world was considered to be a result of the wanton internal economic and non-economic structures of the countries, this was what modernization theory asserted and so this backwardness was expected to be diagnosed with the involvement of certain external forces same the involvement of respectable developed countries bid United States and others. External forces were to involve themselves and assist the development in such developing countries. Globalization brought about a development of capitalism with its roots in the European countries which brought about industrial development which helped countries develop. So in order for a developing farming to foster their own development, they were to look up to the developed countries for assistance.The principles of globalization inter addiction, global interaction change magnitude the flow of capital goods fostered everything on international lines. Everything that was analyzed was done so on a larger level. As said by Leslie Sklair Globaliza tion as a process involves the study of contemporary problems not at the level of individual states or its inter-national relations, but in terms of global processes, this shows that whatever goes on at the domestic level is bound to have an come to on other countries and anything happening outside will definitely restore upon the domestic processes of a province. This is what the dependency or the underdevelopment theorists were against. To them, this global process of interdependence and interaction has led to the victimisation of the poorer countries.UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCYThe concept of underdevelopment and dependency are associated with the studying of the trio world countries and this theory is concerned with the position of the one- triad world countries in the global arena as developing or underdeveloped countries and the reason why it is so. They basically assert that in the spot of development when developed countries through their commercialise mechanisms get involved in the domestic or internal dynamics of the tertiary world countries, it yet gives impetus to underdevelopment and no development could be possible this way.There were two consequents of the globalization and its interdependence aspect offsetly, to the dependency theorists, the interdependence among the countries have led to the division of countries mainly into the wealthy developed countries also known as the First World or the North and on the other hand there is the poorer countries known as the Third World Countries or the South, with wide economic disparities among them.And secondly they also assert that the interdependence criteria consist of exploitation of the poor by the rich developed countries thereby leading to the underdevelopment of the reason.For the underdevelopment and dependency theorists (UDT), exploitation took up a prominent place in their analysis. For them there were two ways in which the dependence of the countries could lead to exploitatio n govern and verifying exploitation. Direct exploitation referred to the open or covert transport of profits by foreign investors in developing countries thereby decapitalizing them and indirect exploitation was related to the deterioration in terms of trade of developing countries and unequal exchange between developed and underdeveloped economies.Few names associated with the Underdevelopment and dependency theory are namely Andre Gunder Frank, Paul Baran, Samir Amin, Theodore land Santos, Cardoso and Immanuel Wallerstein. There exists a division in the theories of dependency itself. Frank, Baran, Amin and Santos are more(prenominal) base dependency theorist who asserted that dependency for development would only lead more to underdevelopment of the developing countries. On the other hand Cardoso and Wallerstein formed a second category of dependency theorist who consider that dependency and development can co-exist i.e. for them dependency could be helpful in fostering d evelopment.To Theodore Dos Santos Dependency is a conditioning situation in which the economies of one group of countries are conditioned by the development and expansion of others. A relationship of interdependence between two or more economies when some countries go through self-impulsion and others being in a dependent position can only expand as a reflection of the expansion of the ascendant countries which may have positive or negative effects on developmentClassical dependency theory and the new dependency theory share certain similarities, both the groups have third world development as their decoct, both focus on national level analysis, and the refer concept that they follow is the core, semi- outskirt and the periphery. And both the groups imply that dependency is harmful to development.The core, semi-periphery and periphery are the model that the dependency theorists adopt in order to explain the development pattern and the underdeveloped condition of the third world countries. They in the main focus on the core and the periphery, where the core consists of the central forces of the economy i.e. the industrialize capitalist countries- the developed countries and the periphery consists of the underdeveloped or undeveloped countries i.e. the third world countries. All these categorizations of the countries into the developed/developing, core/periphery, North/South and First World/Third World all relate to the categorization on countries based on their economic wealth and their capacity to generate such wealth. Thus the capacity to generate wealth is what the third world countries lack. so far the interest with which the developed countries interfered in the affairs of the developing countries was because the developing countries had unprincipled amount of resources and raw materials that lay unused and unexploited. The developed countries who already had achieved much in terms of development their resources and raw materials were depleted. So in terms of the involvement of the developed countries in developing countries it leads to underdevelopment.One result of globalization has been that the State no longer is seen as the only unit of analysis contemporary issues are analyzed beyond what is national but as a transnational, across borders phenomenon and therefore in terms of a global process. So now the countries all over the world are to be seen as one Total musical arrangement. Here what the dependency theorists assert is this total system gets divided into the core-periphery groups and so with increase in globalization process the core states change by reversal more dependent on the peripheral states for development and the position of the peripheral states become vulnerable and no development would be feasible since interdependence have led to a situation where an increase in the wealth of the first world could be brought about only when there would be a decrease in the wealth of the third world. So developing cou ntries were at the losing end.MECHANISMS OF INVOLVEMENTThe emphasis shifted to the involvement of transnational corporations (TNCs) and multinational corporations (MNCs). These MNCs are firms of any nationality partially or wholly own or doing business in one or more country or economy. MNCs or TNCs are considered to be one of the mechanisms through which one country seems to get involved in the economy of another country they are engaged in facilitating the movement of capital and production. These corporations are broadly headed by the developed countries. What the dependency theorists argued was that such involvement of TNCs were mainly under US, Japan and European countries and trade mainly went on among these economic powers.Globalization is seen to change the very nature of the state centric approach that existed earlier. The intromission of TNCs and also the social movements spread ideas about universal human rights, global environmental responsibility have reduced the emph asis on states as the main unit of analysis. On an economic level, with the introduction of TNCs, globalization has changed the very nature of global economy, the idea of a new global culture is what has emerged. Globalization has impacted on the local, national and regional economies. Two main focus of globalization researchers have been first, the ways in which the transnational corporations (TNCs) have facilitated the globalization of capital and production. Second, the transformations in the global scope of particular types of TNCs, those who own and control the mass media which impacts upon the spread of ideas and particular patterns of consumption and a culture and ideology of consumerism at the global level. The TNCs have immense economic power, in any event countries, the TNCs have come to be known as global economic power, for instance to name a few General Motors, Toyota, Volkswagen, PepsiCo have more economic power at their disposal than the majority of the countries in t he world.3 The impact of globalization is the reduction in the importance of the state and privatization of most sectors of the economy. The TNCs are not only headquartered in the first world countries but most TNCs have headquarters in the third world, such as the national oil companies of Brazil, India, Mexico, mainland China and Venezuela. Sklair also points out that the TNCs mostly under the US, Japan do not always express national interests they are more interested in the interests of those who own and control them.Two laws under which MNCs are said to function first is the law of capitalism of increasing the firms coat and scope and therefore creating hierarchies. Second is the law of uneven development. The size, mobility and power of the MNCs lead to exploitation in the name of development of the already developed powers. Such involvements of MNCs lead to the development of North and underdevelopment of South. The uneven development of North and South, MNCs have a role in m aintaining this unequal status.Globalization for development is seen to be important however such globalizing process have very desired and undesirable effects on countries and the latter is explained by the dependency theorists. Dependency theorists suggested many reforms that they felt would help facilitate the development process of the third world countries. One such changes and the most important reform proposed by them is the delinking of the developing or underdeveloped countries from the world market and the global system of economic exchange of capital and goods for development.They proposed to focus more on the internal dynamics and development rather than external factors. For development initially it was external factors and assistance from developed countries was what was center on however, now what the dependency theorists proposed was to become independent of such external help and assistance. They asserted thatSklair, Leslie, Competing Conceptions of Globalization, pp.146, Journal of World Systems Research,vol.2, Summer 1999, pp.143-163.the developing countries ought to be self-reliant, self-dependent for development. The core principle here is self-development. besides delinking in this sense can be seen to be somewhat a complex notion, since globalization has increase interdependence in the world top economic, social, political relations of the world together and so isolation from the world economic system would only give impetus to underdevelopment. The entire theory of dependency and underdevelopment is based on this principle of delinking.Andre Gunder Frank on oratory of the underdeveloped conditions of the third world countries also spoke of delinking from the world market to be important for a country to develop. He blamed external factors like historical colonialism for the underdeveloped status of the third world countries. The dependency theorists saw that globalization in a way strengthened colonialism, though different from the kind of colonialism that existed long time back, this colonialism was basically an economic measure via which all other structures of the country would be taken over. However this assertion of colonialism leading to nothing but underdevelopment could be proved wrong if physical exercises of Taiwan and South Korea are cited. Both countries followed independent development however they both still followed the schema of world market. These two countries today stand on a different platform when compared to its other Asian counterparts. The reason not being a self-reliant development form, but both developed on the lines of its colonizer, Japan. The Japanese encouraged strategies like co-operative style organizations in campestral areas and agricultural lands. Both Taiwan and South Korea heavily depended upon imports of capital goods. Both these countries were influenced by the Japanese occupation in the initial years by and by independence and after which United States played a do minant role in their development especially in that of South Korea. As such dependency in any way could not be avoided, perchance direct dependency could be however there still would be a kind of structural dependency that would be inevitable as seen with the case of Taiwan and South Korea.Another theorist of dependency is Samir Amin, who negotiation in terms of the core-periphery formula. The core as already mentioned refers to the group of autonomous developed states, however the periphery for Amin was not underdeveloped but for him it was an overdeveloped export sector which produced goods for feeding foreign industries rather than producing for themselves and stimulating regional development and growth. This leads to unequal exchanges which are also branded as a consequence of globalization which thereby leads to the supremacy of the poor countries by the rich countries. dependance of the countries based on unequal exchanges has led to the richer countries getting richer and the poorer countries getting poorer. The raw materials of the developing countries are exploited in the name of development, with a kind of assurance that with the resources of the developing countries utilized in feeding the industries of the developed countries would in turn help the development of the developing or the underdeveloped countries.Such dependency have led to a great disparity in terms of wealth and power and the obstacles which the developing countries faced has only led to a great reaction by the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America against the dependency of their countries. The belief was that the underdevelopment of third world economies was caused by the predominance of the external influences genetical to poor countries by the international capitalist system. Dependency theory emphasizes the international power relationships that underlie the functioning of the world economy. For them the internal inequalities and the misery was the impact of external f actors. hence they turned their attention to internal barriers to change and development and trying to do away with the overreliance on external influences. Dependency theory is said to have through its approach made many leading of the developing countries realize their strength and their weaknesses.Immanuel Wallerstein is one theorist of dependency who like Samir Amin explain the underdeveloped nature and the process of economic exchange that characterize the relation between and among the nations of the world according to the core-periphery formula. He belongs to the category of the new dependency theorists who not only looked at the interdependence and its impact in accordance to the economic perspective but also keep in mind the socio-political aspects. For Wallerstein, the world system was a world economy integrated through the market rather than a political center in which two or more regions are interdependent with respect to necessities like food, fuel and protection and two or more polities compete for domination without emergence of one single center forever (Gold frank)4Wallerstein defined the world system as a multicultural territorial division of labor in which production and exchange of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the general life of the inhabitants. The core-periphery according to him were geographically and culturally different, the former guidance on labor intensive and the other focusing on capital intensive production. It was a structural relationship, a structure of power hierarchy existed between them in which the powerful i.e. the core societies dominated and exploited the weaker or poorer countries. match to him, the semi-periphery states acted as a buffer zone between core and periphery, they were basically neutral states. India and Korea could be cited as an example of the semi-peripheral states.For Wallerstein, nation-states did not lose importance, for him the states were powerful elements within the system i n the core countries the states were used by track forces to pursue their interest. Two notions are basically involved in the world systems theory as propounded by Wallerstein, and these were the notion of imperialism and hegemony the former referring to the domination of the weak peripheral regions by strong core states and the latter referring toCarlos A. Martinez-Vela, World Systems Theory, ESD.83, go through 2001.the existence of one core state temporarily overpowering the rest. Therefore for Wallerstein, the global world system comprises of a global class struggle.Wallersteins world system is based on three important sources the Annales school which focused on geo-ecological regions as units of analysis and paying attention to rural narrative and reliance on empirical materials. Second source of his theory was Marx from Marx he understood the reality of social conflict, the dialectical sense of motion through conflict and contradiction. And the third source of the theory is dependency theory itself. As this theory helped in understanding the periphery by looking at the core-periphery relations and it is from this dependency theory that contemporary critiques to global capitalism has arisen.Global capitalism has also received criticism from the think global act local groups, they disrupt the capacity of TNCs and global financial institutions to accumulate secluded profits at the expense of their workforces, however economic globalization with their change magnitude dispersal of the manufacturing process and their dependence on variety of forces have generated a different profit for themselves. Globalizing capital has defeated labor and the global organizations like the TNCs and its allied globalizing government agencies and the World Bank have proved too powerful for the local organization of labor and communities.The powerful status of the TNCs mostly because it is run by the developed industrialized countries which possesses the capacity and the ab ility to generate capital generally seem to have control over the third world economy and society. Since the relation is guided by an international division of labor, the third world cannot escape the influence of the developed countries since even they depend on foreign capital for structuring their internal economy, interdependence causes a change in the international arena to impact upon the national arena and wrong versa. So any delinking even if possible might just foray the developing countries from the facilities that the foreign market could provide.From a certain aspect, the reform path of development as suggested by the underdevelopment and dependency theorists i.e. a change in focus from development towards outside to development towards the interior referring to a focus on the internal dynamics of a country rather than focusing on the external forces could also prove to be complex. For delinking in such a way has not decreased dependency but has increased dependency si nce foreign currency was now used to purchase inputs for national industries which earlier were used for imported products for luxury consumption. Interdependence among national economies became dependence in case of underdeveloped countries and was subordinated to the power of those who control the world market and the most advanced techniques and means of production.Dependency theory can also be critiqued by using the idea of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage as we know refers to the utilization of the best available resources for producing good tint products at lower cost. As such when third world countries adopts the strategy of internal structures for utilizing its raw materials as a result of comparative advantage, still such third world countries after being subjected to decades of foreign power would hardly be able to work on its own since it would require a high degree of factor mobility, entrepreneurial vision and political stability which only the dominant col onial power would possess, therefore, there would still be a kind of dependency that would exist- this is termed as structural dependency so complete isolation or delinking would not be possible.5An inner looking strategy as proposed by the dependency theorists have been adoptive by many developing countries but Burma has been cited as an extreme example by Hermann Sautter in the article Underdevelopment through isolationism? Dependency Theory in Retrospect. Burma restricted all forms of interaction with the outside world and kept it to the minimum. Burma turned everything into a state owned enterprise private enterprises were limited, public self-will was increased. However in such a state of isolationism or protectionism what occurs is the export of primary goods declines. So rice being the main export of the country, in 1944/1945, its export declined, and export was restricted so Burmas agricultural sector undergo great loss. The agricultural sector was to supply their produce to the national government at lower prices rather than exporting it to other countries and generating much more capital. Therefore this shows that a policy of delinking or isolation pushes the status of underdevelopment to a further extent.Dependency theories is seen to uphold the policy of protectionism, restricting the domestic market to the interior and refraining the outside market from participating in the internal dynamics of the developing countries. So definitely, a criticism of such a dependency theory has come from the proponents of free trade or free market policy. Peter Bauer and Martin Wolf were two such free trade theorists who were critical of the policy of isolation as proposed by the underdevelopment-dependency theorist (UDT). Bauer and Wolf suggested that the State owned enterprises and industries were more prone to corruption than privately owned enterprises since the former would not be obliged to the rules of economic and political sanctions that world economic systems offer in case of any mismanagement since in a globalized interdependent world a mismanagement in one country would definitely have effects on other interdependent country as well as such this interdependence could act as a check.Also the State led administration experienced high degree of mismanagement, corruption and wastage in the bureaucracy further limiting development like in Latin AmericaSautter, Hermann, Underdevelopment through Isolationism? Dependency Theory in Retrospect. Intereconomics, July/August pp.182.where the peoples movements led to the rise of military coups and this aligned with the US for benefits. Similarly in Burma, powerful military rulers grew into a state class who were very little inclined towards the interests and ne

Pathophysiology of Skin Alterations

Pathophysiology of Skin AlterationsSkin AlterationsBeverly Phelps victimize humans strip down is the largest multifunctional organ of the body, and knowledge of its structure and function is essential to clinicians and researchers. The p ar down has both layers, the shell and dermis, separated by a root cellar membrane zone. It provides protection, sensation, ther to a greater extentgulation, biochemical/metabolic, and immune functions. Key and emerging concepts important to dread pathophysiological mechanisms for practicing clinicians are knowledge of differences between acute and chronic smarts ability to appreciate depth and finis of tarnish and understanding stages of healing versus zones of activity.Discussion develop pathophysiology of broad categories of tegument alterations (e.g., minor, detrimenttic, burns, benign, parasitic, drag ulcers, dischargecerous, infectious, and inflammatory). Also discuss tributary agents, opinion data (what it looks handle, path ophysiological changes, and presenting symptoms).Skin AlterationsThis paper leave alone cover minor pains, burns, pressure lesion, and female genitalscer with variations in scrape color, as well as the causative agents and assessment data. little WoundsMinor fur wounds occur as the yield of unanticipated trauma and may include lacerations, abrasions, blisters and more serious wounds much(prenominal) as scratch tears and bites.Lacerations are often second gear wrought wounds with ragged skin edges and typic alone in ally have deeper skin damage and wound noted. Abrasions are known as grazes and are more sciolistic wounds in which the top layer of the skin is remove by sliding crossways a rough protrude and usually contains some dirt and sometimes even particles of what scraped it. Blisters are the result of friction of between the top two layers of the skin, or coming in contact with some liaison hot, removing the top of the blister, puncturing the blister, or feed the fluid will practice the area to heal more quickly, and will choose a protective dressing afterwards. A cut or incision usually has light(a) edges as a result of the cause of injury, for example a sharp knife. If it is a deep wound it good deal bleed profusely and nerve and muscle damage coffin nail occur. Human and animal bites are of special concern, peculiarly in puncture wounds, as bacteria from the m appearh spate enter the wound resulting in an increase insecurity of lockjaw and transmitting. Most animal bites are from pets, usually dogs and cats, and raft cause abrasions, deep scratches, and lacerations as well as puncture wounds. guy bites and scratches are considered more serious due to the high incidence of infection due to the germs that are in their mouth and under their claws.Infection is the largest jeopardize of word-painting of minor traumatic wounds as they often contain debris and bacteria from the cause of the injury.The word from a minor traum atic wound is to clean the wound and surrounding skin, removing any debris and other foreign material. Abrasions occupy thorough irrigation as ground dirt is frequently embedded in these wounds. Apply an antiseptic solution to cleanse the wound using chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and general saline.Surgical wounds that have been stitched together, just clean the old line of merchandise prior to the application of a dry dressing.The nearly important thing is to try to turn back the cause of the injury or the object which caused the injury and when the injury occurred. Wounds greater than six to eight hours old have an increase find of infection. With all traumatic injuries assess the patients tetanus status and ensure they have adequate coverage. Following this an assessment of the wound can be made for the location, size, and depth and any additional trauma to underlying structures much(prenominal) as muscle, tendon, nerve, vascular and bone. Animal bites must be monitored f or 24-48 hours for signs of infection. Precautionary antibiotic may be administered.BurnsBurns can be sustained in a number of ways with children and the time-worn where it is the most gross. Scalds involving hot liquids are the most common typewrite of burns. In adults, flame burns are more prevalent and other causes can include chemical contact, electrical, friction damage, and cheerburn.The seriousness of a burn injury depends on several factors including the size, depth of the burn, the location of the burn, and the age and general medical exam civilize of the burn patient. Clinical studies suggest that about 95% of all burns are relatively minor, however about 5% require hospitalization and highly specialized treatment. The severity of a burn determines the type of treatment it requires. There are 5 recognized grades of burns, minor/superficial, superficial partial thickness, mid epidermal partial thickness, deep dermal partial thickness, and full thickness, which has r eplaced the first-class honours degree, second and third degree terminology used in the first place.Minor/Epidermal is characterized by red, painful, usually not blistered, and will heal inside approximately 7 days with no scarring. Superficial dermal is characterized by blistered with pale pink base, very painful and usually heals by epithelialization in 10 14 days with no scarring. Mid Deep dermal is characterized by blotchy, red or white base +/- blisters, no capillary vessel return, predominantly painless, lengthy healing with possible scarring and contracture, and heal in 14 28 days. Full thickness is characterized by leathery, white or charred, painless, and prolonged healing with scarring and possible way out of function.The clinical objectives for watchfulness of burns are stabilize the patient, cool the wound, debride devitalized (necrotic) create from raw material, protect from infection, and close the wound by first or second intention healing or by grafting.The doctor of first aid cannot be overemphasized with rapid, effective first aid assist to prevent further damage and deeper tissue loss. Burn wound renewing refers to the process whereby tissue damage can extend to deeper layers resulting in prolonged healing. This increases the risk of complications post healing such as contraction and cheloid or hypertrophic scarring. force per unit area Ulcers. A Pressure Injury is a wound caused by unrelieved pressure of tissue compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface which is separate according to the extent of tissue damage. Synonymous terms include pressure sores, bedsores, and decubitus ulcers. As a result of unrelieved pressure, the network of vascular and lymph vessels supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues can be occluded. Several factors are involved in determining if a Pressure Injury will develop and include duration of pressure, straightawayth of pressure, and the ability of tissue to tolerate pressure (tissue tolerance). However, there is no everyday agreement as to the length of time and the intensity of pressure before tissue damage occurs. Other study factors include shear, friction forces, and moisture. Pressure Injuries affect lot who are largely immobile. They are most common amongst the elderly, but can effect anyone who is confined to a bed or wheel chair. On average 10% of hospitalized patients can develop a pressure ulcer during their stay. Recent prevalence studies undertaken in several major Australian teaching hospitals identified the prevalence rate of pressure ulcers as being between 5.4% and 15.6%. The most common positions for pressure ulcers are Sacrum/tail bone, Heel, Ischia/buttocks, and Greater trochanters/hipPressure injury classification are classified according to the level of tissue damage that has been sustained and staging outline is used. There are 4 stages of pressure injuries, and are as follows. acquaint one is described as intact skin with obs ervable changes including areas of immovable redness. dot two is described by partial thickness skin loss involving cuticle and or dermis. Stage three is described by full thickness involving damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through, underlying fascia. Stage four is described as full thickness skin loss with extensive tissue destruction to muscle, bone, or supporting structures, tendon, and joint capsule, and may have undermining or sinus determineation.The primary treatment and objective for management of pressure injuries are reduction of pressure and shear forces, management of exudate, prevention of contamination leading to infection, creation of a moist wound environment, and to disparage the frequency of dressing changes, which is generally more cost effective, and provide more rapid healing and less disruption to the patient.Skin Cancer.Skin genus Cancer occurs when errors occur in the deoxyribonucleic acid of skin cells. The m utations cause the cells to grow out of control and form a mass of malignant neoplastic disease cells. Cells involved in skin genus Cancer begin in your skins epidermis. The epidermis provides a protective cover of skin cells that your body continually sheds. The epidermis contains three main types of cells the squamous cells that lie just below the outer surface and function as the skins inner lining, the basal cells, which pose new skin cells, sit beneath the squamous cells, and melanocytes which take in melanin, the pigment that gives skin its normal color, and are located in the lower part of your epidermis. Melanocytes produce more melanin when youre in the sun to help protect the deeper layers of your skin. Where skin crabmeat begins, is determined by its type and will in addition determine the treatment options. Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells that most often develops on skin exposed to the sun. But this common form of cancer can also occur on areas of y our skin not normally exposed to sun.There are three major types of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.You can reduce your risk of skin cancer by limiting or avoiding exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) radiation. Checking your skin for suspicious changes can help detect skin cancer at its earliest stages. Early detection of skin cancer gives you the great chance for successful skin cancer treatment.Skin cancer develops generally on areas of sun-exposed skin, including the scalp, face, lips, ears, neck, chest, arms and hands, and on the legs in women. But it can also form on areas that rarely see the light of day like your palms, beneath your fingernails or toenails, and your genital area.Skin cancer affects people of all skin tones, including those with darker complexions. When melanoma occurs in people with dark skin tones, its more presumable to occur in areas not normally exposed to the sunUltraviolet light and other potential causesMuch o f the damage to DNA in skin cells results from ultraviolet (UV) radiation found in sunlight and in the lights used in debacle beds. But sun exposure doesnt explain skin cancers that develop on skin not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. This indicates that other factors may contribute to your risk of skin cancer, such as being exposed to toxic substances or having a condition that weakens your immune system.Risk factorsFactors that may increase your risk of skin cancer includeFair skin.Anyone, regardless of skin color, can get skin cancer. However, having less melanin in your skin provides less protection from damaging UV radiation. If you have blond or red hair and light-colored eyes, and you spot or sunburn easily, youre much more likely to develop skin cancer than is a person with darker skin.A history of sunburns.Having had one or more blistering sunburns as a child or stripling increases your risk of growth skin cancer as an adult. Sunburns in maturity also are a risk factor. Excessive sun exposure.Anyone who spends grand time in the sun may develop skin cancer, especially if the skin isnt protected by sunscreen or clothing. Tanning, including exposure to tanning lamps and beds, also puts you at risk. A tan is your skins injury response to unreasonable UV radiation.Sunny or high-altitude climates. flock who have a go at it in sunny, warm climates are exposed to more sunlight than are people who live in colder climates. Living at higher elevations, where the sunlight is strongest, also exposes you to more radiation.Moles.People who have many moles or abnormal moles called dysplastic nevi are at increased risk of skin cancer. These abnormal moles which look irregular and are generally larger than normal moles are more likely than others to become cancerous. If you have a history of abnormal moles, watch them regularly for changes.Precancerous skin lesions.Having skin lesions known as actinic keratosis can increase your risk of developing skin cancer. These precancerous skin growths typically appear as rough, scaly patches that range in color from browned to dark pink. Theyre most common on the face, head and hands of fair-skinned people whose skin has been sun damaged.A family history of skin cancer.If one of your parents or a sibling has had skin cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease.A personal history of skin cancer.If you developed skin cancer once, youre at risk of developing it again.A weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems have a greater risk of developing skin cancer. This includes people living with HIV/AIDS and those taking immunosuppressor drugs after an organ transplant. impression to radiation.People who received radiation treatment for skin conditions such as eczema and acne may have an increased risk of skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinoma.Exposure to certain substances.Exposure to certain substances, such as arsenic, may increase your risk of skin cancerReferencesht tp//www.sh.lsuhsc.edu/policies/policy_manuals_via_ms_word/wocn/wocn_08.pdfhttp//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/562489_4http//annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/9/1425.fullhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17523178http//www.mayoclinic.com

Customer Requirements And Product Characteristics

client Requirements And harvest-feast feature filmsOne of the important roles of any manufacturing lay show up is to produce re braid that caters to the c whole fors of the commercialize, and the best vogue to understand the commercialise necessarily is to distinguish what is pregnant to the node/consumer. This understanding of the client gives the producer a matched surround, as he k flats to a greater extent or less what the require of the customer is, when he sells his crop in the commercialise place. This private-enterprise(a) edge send away be distinguished into various factors, for e.g. theatrical role, reflection sharp, Dependability, Cost, and so on. A particular way of distinguishing which factor gives us more hawkish edge is to distinguish among what Prof Terry hammock calls as rig larnners and exhibition qualifiers. (Pycraft et al 1997) Online nevertheless before we dive into categorising the various competitive factors into straddle kic k upstairsners and piece qualifiers, it testament be supportful if we k raw(a) where the merchandises lie in the Puttick Grid. The Puttick Grid, devised by the Warwick Manufacturing Group, positions reaping market position with honor to the complexity of the crossing and the level of question in the market. A point to nvirtuoso about the Puttick Grid is that all over a period of period, crop tends to move around in the football field and so may change after a period of term. The specializer DBPs get hold of a real erratic regard visibility, they be essentially manufactured either sensation by one, or if they is more demand they probably in batches of 10. There is a peak in demand during the spring and summer seasons as a cumulation of spate go away back to riding their bikes after the w hide, and hence produce desir suit fit during these seasons amongst the people who own vintage bikes. Also since these argon vintage bikes, they dont mind expenditure a bit for getting re localizement split. The Aftermarket DBPs perk up a kind of sub receivabled demand as comp atomic number 18d to the Specia incline DBPs. Since these be DBP that be no perennial in standard growthions, there be a tummy of organisations that sacrifice come out with their own version of the DBP and hence the customer has more resource. So, in such a skid, the customer get out go by denounce image, bell and the tonus of the merchandise. The trus twainrthy Equipment DBPs on the otherwise hand, tone cumulation have a truly st able demand that leave alone be known to abrasion Materials closely in advance. character reference and scathe fail really(prenominal) important for such a product and hence they become more of a commodity. thusly according to the in a higher place discussion, the products have been endued in the Puttick Grid as shown below in epithet 1.1.1Super Value ProductResponsive/Jobbing/FashionSpecialist DBPConsumer durabl esCommoditiesOriginal Equipment DBPNow that we have an understanding of where the product lies with respect to the Puttick Grid, we preempt distinguish which competitive factor is an do winner and which is an order qualifier. CharacteristicAftermarket DBPSpecialist DBPDesignBrand Name6060 impairment4040Speed (Lead Time)QDependability (Availability)QQQQuality (Fit to purpose)QQQ hold over 1.1.1 lodge Winners and changers. (Adopted for Hill 2000) Note ordain Winners be marked out of 100. Q Order Qualifier QQ Order Looser. CharacteristicsOriginal Equipment DBPDesign40Brand Name10Price40Speed (Lead Time)10Dependability (Availability)QQQuality (Fit to purpose)QQmesa 1.1.2 Order Winners and Qualifiers. (Adopted for Hill 2000) Note Order Winners are marked out of 100. Q Order Qualifier QQ Order Looser.1.1.1 Design The links between role, operations and markets are the truly essence of the business. The way that these integrate, therefore, is fundamental to sound strategy ontoge nesis and implementation. Both design and operations aim is to provide products according to the well behaved and business specifications. (Hill Hill 2009) In moorage of Aftermarket DBPs, the dimensions of the DBP are calculated from the equal OE component and then some changes are made so as to avoid patent infringement. So in this case, the design of the DBP is non truly important as it is solely reverse engineered from an existent product. In case of Specialist DBPs, the dimensions are taken from records if they exist or taken from exist component and then knowing as a made-to-order item. So in this case too, non much work goes into the design of the DBP as they are already available to the manufacturer. so, design of the DBP does not give the product any competitive edge over other competitor products. In case of Original Equipment Manufacturer, initially specifications lead be given by the motorcycle manufacturer. simply if Friction is selected as the preferred OE for DBP, it will be expected to design the brakes to touch on the requirements given by the manufacturer. therefrom, if not initially, over a period of clipping the designing of brakes for the OE product epitome will become the one of biggest competitive edge that the ac guild could get in winning the order.1.1.2 Brand NameThrough a variety of activities, companies try to gain a brand adduce for their products in the market. Where this has been achieved and mentioned, companies will win orders partly due to the image that has been created in the market. (Hill Hill 2009) In case of Aftermarket DBPs and the Specialist DBPs, the brand name, Stop-Rite, play a major role in winning orders for the company. Since these parts are no longer in standard production by the OEM, there is a atomic reactor of competition in the market to win orders for these products. And hence the brand image, which Friction Materials Ltd has master(prenominal)tained for the last 20 years, becomes th e biggest competitive edge in the market to win orders. In case of the OE DBPs, initially Friction Materials is try to win orders and hence it does not have a brand name in the OE market as of now. precisely as they start to win orders and establish them in the market, their brand name will start to serve them win orders and hence, as time will progress, brand name will become an order winner.1.1.3 PriceIn many markets, particularly in the growth, maturity date and saturation phases of the product life cycle, price becomes a very important order winner. When there is a break away of products to choose from, price comparisons with alternatives becomes an implicit in(p) part of the customers evaluation of the product and hence price plays a very important part in winning orders. (Hill Hill 2009) In case of the Aftermarket and the Specialist DBPs, since there are a split up of alternatives in the market, price level(p)tually become one of the principal(prenominal) reasons why the customer chooses to cloud the product, as if there are two products understanding his criteria, they are limit point to buy the cheaper product. Hence they become an order winner. In case of the OE DBPs, since the manufacturer is going to buy the product in bulk, he is going to motivation to buy them from a manufacturer who is able to produce them in the cheapest assertable way and who also meets their requirements. Hence price in this case becomes one of the biggest factors for choice.1.1.4 Speed (Lead Time) and Dependability (Availability)A company may be able to qualify for an order/win an order based on how quickly they are able to tot the product or if the product is already available for spoken language/purchasing for the customer. Hence is it very important that the operations Lead Time must be able to match the Customer Lead Time. (Hill Hill 2009) In case of the Aftermarkets DBPs, the ability to deliver the DBP blistering than others may affect the spares stor es to dedicate an order to the manufacturer. This is possible if the channelize time for the product is less and hence forgo time becomes an order qualifier. With respect to the customers, the product organism available on the store self become an order qualifier, i.e. they pick up the product as a possible buy. scarcely in case the product is not available on the shelf, federal agency that even though their product is better than the competition, they will lose an order and hence this becomes an order looser. Similarly, in case of the Specialist DBPs, since these are in ecumenical made-to-order items, the bring time does not give an influential competitive edge over the competition. unless at the same time, availability/delivery of the product has to be on time and this becomes an important factor that the customer will take into consideration when he/she is looking to buy a DBP for his/her Vintage Motorbike. Hence availability of the product on time becomes an order qual ifier in this case. In case of the OE products, the motorcycle manufacturer will be looking for a manufacturer who can produce the parts and deliver them in the shortest possible time. Hence speed or lead time becomes an order winner. Also, being a topical anaesthetic supplier to the local motorcycle industry will give them a competitive edge over other outside competitors as they will be able to respond to the demand much quicker. But, in addition to this, being able to deliver the products on time is going to be a very important factor. So important that initially, some late deliveries may lead to the manufacturer going to an alternate supplier as you are not able to meet his demands on time. Hence dependability becomes an order looser.1.1.5 QualityQuality or Quality Conformance can be defined as ability of a manufacturer to manufacture products according to the customers requirements. (Slack et al 2002) In case of the Aftermarkets and Specialist DBPs, no one is going to consi der buying the product unless you are certain that the DBP is fit to use on their particular motorcycle model. Hence for both these product ranges, whole tone becomes an order qualifier. That is, scarcely if the DBP is fit to use on a particular customers motorcycle, they will consider buying that DBP. In case of the OE products, since now they are trying to become suppliers of OE products for the first time, tint has to be bang on target. It has to meet all the customer requirements. Any lapse of quality may lead to a halt in the manufacturers assembly line and this is going to embody them a roach of money. Hence any lapse in quality of the OE suppliers part will give a bad impression and hence may lead to the supplier losing the order. Hence quality for the OE product range becomes an order looser.1.2 Implications on OperationsThe Polar plat (above) shows all the competitive factors for all the product range and their relevant importance for winning orders. Hence, in a way, t he diagram also helps understand where Operations should concentrate more so that they will be able to produce more products that will be able to win the orders in the market. From the above diagram, we see that for all the three product ranges, Price, Quality and Dependability are the common performance objective that can help give them competitive edge in the market. Hence operations has to focus more on reducing the speak to of the product and at the same time try to hang in quality at a good level and always deliver the goods on time. Also, we see Brand Name is very important for the Aftermarket and Specialist market. But if operations is able to maintain price, quality and dependability it will maintain and perhaps even built up the brand name of the product. Also, by concentrating on dependability, operations is going to keep the lead time (speed) of the product to as low as possible to meet the delivery measure and hence speed is also taken trade of. Hence by concentrat ing more on price, quality and dependability, operations will be able to cover all the order qualifier and winner factors of all the 3 product ranges. 2 Manufacturing Strategy for the OE product2.1 FrameworkHill, T. (2009) ascertains kill the wait on of developing an operation/manufacturing strategy into 5 simple objectives.2.1.1 Defining the bodily ObjectivesThe recent future Corporate Objective of Friction Materials is to try and break into the OE product sector. This will help them isolate the financial burden that they have to carry due to the ever decreasing prices because of cheap Far easterly Aftermarket DBP available in the market. Hence another Corporate Objective is to confuse them more durable financially by come in a super profitable and long term contract product range. Other general corporate objective like Profit and Growth and ROI also get into to Friction Materials Ltd.2.1.2 Defining the Market Strategies to meet these objectivesAs said in the Corporate Obj ectives, Friction Material Ltd. is now trying to enter the Original Equipment product market. Volumes initially (during sampling stage) will be low, to the order of 300. But once their samples get approved, they will start producing these products in very naughty volumes, to the order of about 3000 DBP/week. Keeping these facts in mind, the Marketing Strategy for the OE product range is to produce and deliver high quality low speak to DBP on time, every time.2.1.3 How do products win orders in the market place?As mentioned in Section 1, the major factors that win orders for the OE product is Price, Quality and Dependability (in terms of delivery). one time Friction Materials becomes the choice for OEM for DBPs, they will have to design the brakes themselves and hence Design also becomes an important order winner.2.1.4 Establishing the close to appropriate mode to manufacture these sets of products act ChoiceWe are in bring of getting samples accepted for the smart OE produ ct range. shortly we are manufacturing yet the Spares and Specialist product ranges and this is done in a batch go flow layout. This is ok for these ranges as they are in small quantities of about 300 DBP/week. But the spic-and-span OE product range is going to require about 3000 DBP/week. Hence the Batch layout will not suffice to meet this quantity demand. The most appropriate cognitive operation choice for such a extensive demand is the Mass Layout or the sustained Layout. But the continuous layout calls for a bigger investing in terms of the money involved. Since Friction Materials is only starting to try to establish itself in the OE market, it would not be wise to tie up a lot of the Companies money into something that might not work out to the magnitude expected. Hence the Mass Layout seems to be a more sensible choice.2.1.5 Provide the manufacturing basis required to support productionProviding the infrastructure to support production of the raw OE product is going to involve some measuring of trade finish up in the sense of a balance between the various competitive factors that will affect the ability of the product to win orders. For instance, from the polar diagram (Sector 1.2) we see that dependability and cost of product play a very important role in helping the product win orders. In order to always deliver the product on time, we must always have enough stock with us to meet the demand. This can imply that we make-to-stock the product. But if we have a lot of inventory, it means that we have a lot of money held up as inventory and this may lead to increase in the price of the product to help insulate this cost. But this increase of cost may lead to loss of an order. Hence what amount of inventory would be sufficient to always meet customer demands and not hold a lot of money in inventory would be the trade off that we will be keen to look for. This process of trade off balance will help the manufacturing/operations to correct itself with the corporate strategy. (Slack et al 2002)2.2 Analysis of Current Operations System in advance we can start formulating and reservation changes to the production remains, we must first define what the present-day(prenominal) system is. We can do this with the help of various tools. We are going to use the SWOT analysis tool to do the same. formerly we know where the current production capabilities are, we will be able to make decision taking into account the current scenario.2.2.1 SWOT AnalysisStrengths flunkThe brand name Stop RiteEstablished producer of aftermarket DBPs in the UK and Western EuropeCompetency in making the brake plump mixture* Good liquidity and turnover* Bad production grooming system even though a MRP system is in place for the sameOpportunitiesThreatsOE market will lead to more opportunity in the EU market.OE market will help insulate the competition and market share because of the Far Eastern Competition* Growing to a mean(a) scale company will hel p in being confident of handling more customers* Competition for cheaper Far Eastern CompetitionTable 2.2.1 SWOT Analysis Tool The brand name Stop-Rite is one of the main strengths of Friction Materials Ltd. This is what is helping them win orders in the Specialist market and the aftermarket market. This brand name that they have, they have been able to establish it because of being one of the main trusted DBP manufacturer in the UK and Western Europe market. This is also one of the strengths that they should exploit. They have a competency in creating their own mixture for the DBPs, which helps keep the cost of the product down. Also, as we can see from the financials, their Quick dimension is about 1.03 and their Current Ratio is about 1.8, both of which are very near the acceptable values and hence the company is doing very well financially. And as they say Cash is King, this is their main strength. But even though they are strong in these areas, their production planning syste m is not very good, or up to industry standards. Even though they have a MRP II system in place, the Planning restraint has to fire fight situation that should not arise because of the system. This shows one of the two situations, either the Planning Controller is not familiar with the system or there is something wrong with their planning system. This can cause a lot of problems if they are to start production for about 3000DBP/week for the OE product. Opportunity wise, the OE product can help gain more market share in the Western European market and hence emend their brand name even pull ahead. Also, since this will be a more steady market, this will help insulate some of the market share loss due to the cheaper Far Eastern Competitor products in the Spares market. This will help the company grow financially which is always the main aim of any organisation. Once the organisation has more market share and money, they can easily vicissitude to a medium scale company and hence ca ter to more customers. The only threat that the company faces is due to the Far Eastern products. They are almost as good as their DBPs, however they are outlying(prenominal) cheaper than Frictions DBPs and hence this sometimes leads to loss of market share. Entry to the OE product market will help them to insulate this loss. Now that we are clear on where the organisation current strengths and weakness lie, we can develop our manufacturing strategy to equilibrate the strengths and negate the weakness of the organisation.2.3 Elements of Manufacturing StrategyMiltenburg (2005) divides manufacturing strategy in six main sub-systems and terms them as Manufacturing Levers to reflect the concept that severally sub-system can be adjusted to align according to market demands and corporate mission.2.3.1 SourcingCurrent list of all the suppliers to Friction Materials Ltd. are largely UK based. This is good as this help in decreasing the manufacturing lead time of the component. Since sho rtly, their production demands are very low, to the order of 300DBPs/week they were unable to convince their suppliers to deliver Just-in-Time. But now since they are looking to produce to the order of about 3000DBPs/week they should be able to convince the suppliers to deliver Just-in-Time. Along with this, they should bring the list down in number and probably sign long term contracts with their most reliable supplier as the demand for the OE market is very stable and this long term contracts will help with the demand and also improve relations with their suppliers. But care should be taken when such contracts are framed, so that if the supplier does not make the delivery, then Friction Materials is dispense with to buy that demand from another supplier. (Quinn and Hilmer 1995) In terms of the product range, since making DBPs is their main expertise, I feel that they should continue to produce all their existing product range so that they do not lose their current market share an d customer base. The level of vertical integration should be kept to a minimum and Friction Materials should concentrate on its main competency of making the DBPs. Smaller parts of the product like the backpacking materials should be bought from an external vendor.2.3.2 Process TechnologyHill (2009) uses a indite method to help decide what kind of production process is good for a particular type of product depend on the profile of the product. We will use this profiling approach to decide the type of process that we will implement for the OE range of product. Relevant AspectsCharacteristics of Process ChoiceProductJobBatchLineType SpecialStandard stove WideNarrowOrder Size SmallLarge take of Change High natural depressionRate of NPD High offsetOrder-Winner Del. SpeedPriceProcessTechnology G.P.DedicatedFlexibility HighLowVolumes LowHighKey Tasks Meet Spec.CostInvestment LowHighTable 2.3.2.1 Hills Profiling Approach (Source Hill and Hill 2009) For the OE product range, we know the f ollowingThe order volume is going to be very high hence the product is going to be standardised. Since the product is standardised, it is synthetic to have machinery dedicated to the product so that it can churn out more product and help meet the high demand. This in turn will decrease the flexibility of the process, but that is a trade-off that has to be taken to meet the high demand.We are going to produce only a certain types of DBPs, hence range is very narrow.The variations in the design of the DBPs are going to be minimal.New designs will only be developed when there is a requirement for it, hence the rate for new product development is also low.Order-winner for the OE product as discussed above is a balance between delivery speed and cost. Hence the key delegate for the process is bringing the cost of the product down.Hence we see from the above table, most of the profile of the OE product fits the Line Process choice. Hence in our case, for the OE product range, it is advi sable that we go for a Line process. Currently, the Spares and Vintage DBPs are being produced in a Batch Equipment Paced Line Flow. They are currently hurry operations with 3 machining centres, each consisting of a pair of inter linked CNC machines with magazine feed. But even with a demand of only 300 DBPs/week compared to a demand of 3000 DBPs/week, the 3 machining centres are running at full skill and often require overtime to meet the demand. Hence it is only logical for Friction Materials to in some new machining centres for the new OE production line that will be mainly be apply for OE production, as they will find it very difficult to cover up with the demand with the existing infrastructure available. In fact, Friction Materials should look to start to invest into some of the other machines that they require for the production of DBPs to help plow up with this new OE demand. It is also advisable to make this new investments into the shop floor as the OE market is a pro fitable market which has a very stable demand and this demand will be there for quite a few years and hence this investment can be easily recovered during the life cycles of not OE product, but probably two or three OE products. The current manufacturing process layout should be adopted for the OE production also. The process has been setup taking into consideration the capacity of the mixer, setup time on the presses and stock levels and hence they are designed to give the whole process a flow. But setting up a completely new production line demands a lot of capital being invested and it will take quite some time before you will be able to break even for this investment. Hence the logical thing to do for Friction would be to invest in some new machining centres, so that they would be able to able to cope with the demand. But these new machining centres should be dedicated to only for the OE products. And over time, with increase profits from the OE business, they can keep adding more machining centres to create a specialise line for the OE product.2.3.3 Production Planning and ControlThe production of DBPs has been broken down majorly into two process namely Pressing and Finishing. The Pressing team takes care of making the brake pads the Finishing team takes care of machining the DBPs to ensure unity of the physical dimensions of the pad. Since both these processes are independent of each other, they are connected to each other with some decoupling or WIP inventory (Miltenburg). In our case, the bake process is the decoupling process. The two bin system can be used for inventory control for raw materials. In this system, the pilot light stock in kept in the second bin and the current stock in kept in the first bin. Once the first bin is emptied and the buffer stock is brought into use, the purchase team should place orders to the respective material supplier for replenishing the material. For quality control, the organisation is already running on Sta tistical Process Control charts for the Spares and Specialist market. But this is acceptable for these products as their production volumes are not very large. The OE volumes are going to be very huge and hence SPC may not be the right choice for quality control. SPC looks at maintaining the quality of the products that the processes inside the organisation. Since OE is such a big market and where it is always important to get things right the first time, every time it is better that Friction Materials looks into implementing Total Quality Management (TQM). TQM not only looks into the quality of parts being produced inside the organisation, but it takes the whole supply chain into account and sees to it that not only are the part being produced are up to quality standards, but also parts entering into the system are of optimum quality as it is unlikely to product good quality parts out of sub-standard parts. (GE Systems). Also in TQM, each worker becomes responsible for keeping the quality of their output up to standard. Hence this virtually removes the requirement of a quality control team in the organisation.2.3.4 Human ResourcesThe major machines, that require training in the whole manufacturing process at Friction Materials, are the press machines and the machining centres. The current workforce use at Friction Materials is very well trained and are compromising enough to work on any process within their block. But we see that there is considerable time that goes into the setup of the presses when there is a need to change the design of the pad. So the employees can be further trained in how they can reduce the set up time for the presses. Regular maintenance is being carried out at Friction Materials by the current

Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay

Knowledge And Practice Toward doorknocker egotism psychometric test dumbbell nutrition turn outAbstractA cross-sectional written report was conducted to rise the companionship and pull towardtitty self- interrogatory ( mad cow complaint), among a sample of female nursing school- advance child in University sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu. Using a purposed questionnaire, a total of 40 nursing student eld 2 from Nursing Department entire the questionnaire. The mean shape up of the respondents was 20 years (SD = 3.7). All of respondent (100%) were single. The percent jump ons of nursing student toward dummy genus genus crabmeat and chest self trial were graduate(prenominal) (95%) seventy seven percent (77.5%) of respondent were put on the heart self inquiry and and twenty two were non run depreciator self run. nigh of respondent argon non regularly put to death pinhead self examination, yet 7.5% do it regularly. the obstacle to perform bovine spon giform encephalitis is not sure how to perform mad cow disease. The correction purposes suggest that the discernledge is but the practise is must be d iodine regularly because the carry should teach their client the right way to perform bovine spongiform encephalitis. If the nurse flowerpotnot do it in right step how fanny they al pitiful teach their clientChapter 1Background of study1. Prevalence and relative relative incidence knocker crabby person is the most roughhewn malignant neoplastic indisposition in women in most part of the world. in that location is a marked geographical variation in incidence place. In 2000, there were 1,050,346 cases reported with 372,969 deaths from dumbbell pubic louse world-wide. The incidence ranged from an add up of 95 per 100,000 in to a greater extent developed countries to 20 per 100,000 in less(prenominal) developed countries.The incidence (number of new malignant neoplastic infirmitys) is steadily increasing. The statistic s are more terrorisation in countries akin the USA where around 184,000 new cases of white meat genus Cancer are detected annu onlyy. The study pubic louse Institute estimates that by eon 50, one out of every 50 women will develop tit crabby person. By mount 80, it will rise to one in 10. If this pretend is calcu newd over their life sentence, one in 8 women will puzzle from boob crabmeat. champion in 28 will die of the disease. One in 3000 women develop meet crabby person during pregnancy and pregnant women prevail to develop them usually in their 30s. (Only 2% of white meat crab louses are diagnosed in pregnant women.)Presented in another wayEvery 3 minutes, one muliebrity is diagnosed with titty malignant neoplastic disease (USA)Every 11 minutes, one woman dies from summit crab louse (USA)Every year, 30,000 women and 200 men are diagnosed with thorax cancer (UK)In countries where positions excite been low, especially in Asia, the rate of increase h as been the greatest with steep increases in the incidence as well up as death rate (mortality).Adapted from American Cancer nightspot (2003). tit Cancer in MalaysiaBreast cancer was the beaten(prenominal)est overall cancer as well as the commonest cancer in women amongst all races from the age of 20 years in Malaysia for 2003 to 2005. Breast cancer is most common in the Chinese, followed by the Indians and then, Malays and knocker cancer formed 31.1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in women in 2003-2005.Source from the National Cancer RegistryThe succession Standardized Rate (ASR) of female boob cancer is 47.4 per 100,000 population (National Cancer Registry Report 2003-2005). Amongst the Chinese, it is high at 59.9 per 100,000 population, for the Indians, the ASR is 54.2 per 100,000 and it is lowest in the Malays at 34.9 per 100,000 population. A woman in Malaysia has a 1 in 20 chance of acquire nipple cancer in her lifetime The cumulative life time gamble of growth white meat cancer for Chinese women, Indian women and Malay women were 1 in 16, 1 in 17 and 1 in 28 respectively. The peak incidence appeared to be 50-59 years old. In comparison, the next (2nd) commonest cancer in Malaysian women in 2002 2003 was cancer of the cervix, which only formed 12% and 12.9% respectively of total female cancers. The statistics for Malaysia was sourced from the National Cancer Registry Reports 2002 and 2003. Over time, the pattern of cancers, including knocker cancer will be better established. It is only with continued reliable data that beta decisions on planning and policy management can be make for Malaysia.Estimates by the International Agency for question in Cancers reported that in 2000, there were 3825 cases reported and 1707 deaths from disparager cancer in Malaysia.Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy in Malaysia and all over the world. Its incidence in Malaysia in 2000 was 41.9 cases per 100,000. In 2002, 4337 cases of breast canc er were reported to the National Cancer Registry with an incidence rate of 52.8 per 100,000 and accounting for 30.4% of all diagnosed malignancies in Malaysian women. One in 9 Malaysian women has a chance of onto ingredientsis breast cancer. Breast cancer incidence in Malaysia is intermediate among grade of industrialized countries like the US 91/100,000 and evolution countries like India 19/100,000. This situation is not permanent since the rate in developing countries is rising as women adopt lifestyles of the developed countries. Disease danger varies by ethnicity. Lifetime hazard is 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for the Chinese, and 1 in 15 for Indians. The age at diagnosing shows an opposite pattern being highest in the Indians and lowest in the Malays. The differences among ethnic groups reflect different age structures and lifestyle choices (parity, breast feeding coiffure, diet). patrimonial risk components confound not been studies thoroughly in Malaysia. The risk o f the disease increases with age being maximal at age 50-59. Women in Malaysia inaugurate with larger tumors and at later stages than women in the US. Certain health beliefs, wishing of correct information, and inadequate health kick facilities are a bar to routine proterozoic on detection and intercession of the diseaseBreast Cancer is easier to treat the to begin with it is found. For that reason, more or less experts recommend that women over age 20 perform a monthly breast self examination to attend for new clunks and other changes.Breast self-examination is a simple, very low cost, non- invading adjuvant screening regularity for the detection of first breast cancer in women. Its purpose is important in case of a do reporting of breast symptoms which are important early detection messages for women of all ages, and to make women familiar with both the appearance and the feel of their breasts as early as doable. There is evidence that women who correctly practic e Breast self- examination monthly are more likely to detect a amass in the early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to becharm early treatment and to yield a better survival rateIt was found that mortality had fallen by 31%after 6-years for women senior(a) 40-70 at the beginning of the trial. unluckily despite the benefits of regular Breast self-examination, fewer women actually examine themselves in detail, majority does not even discern how to do Breast self examination. Although opinions conflict intimately the value of Breast Self Examination (BSE)1.2 Problem parameterBreast cancer is the befriend leading cause of cancer deaths in women today and is the most common cancer among women. .Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. There is a marked geographical difference in the worldwide incidence of breast cancer, with a higher incidence in developed countries compared to developing countries.According to Malaysia cancer statistic (data and figure 2006) found that the incidence of breast cancer case according to age amongst 0-9 years is 1 case, for to age 10-19 years 6 cases and 20-29 years is 78 cases. It is show increase in cases and it happening to all groups. Because of that, it is very important for someone to detect early sign and symptom of breast cancer. All groups should know how to perform Breast self examinationBreast self-examination (BSE) is a screening regularity used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible hoods, distortions or swelling.Breast self-examination (BSE) is a low-cost, low risk unconscious process that can be repeated at customary intervals, and has been advocated as a self-performed screening procedure.1.3 Researcher growTrough author experience as a staff nurse in hospital and community health author found that legion(predicate) younger women at age 15-24 came to clinic t o counteract the lumps because they dont know how to perform the right technique of breast self examination . Usually at this age they feel shy to invent their breast to be palpable. End of the result the condition becoming worse. And for author experience as a clinical instructor at Nursing department, a few of the student always came with complain of they have a lump at their breast but not sure it is a lump or anything elseIt is for this reason that the author chose to study students cognition and practice of breast cancer examination. Having the cognition of breast cancer could result in want medical attention early before complications develop.1.4 Risk calculates and symptoms of Breast cancer1.4.1 Risk parts and sign symptomsA risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, For exampleSmoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, and ischemic heart diseases. But having risk factor does not mean than the disease i s certain.Risk factors also can be divided into risk determinants and risk modulators. Determinants cannot be changed or captivated on the other hand risk modulators can be changed or influenced.A. Determinant risk factorsGender Being a woman is risk factors for breast cancer. Incidence of breast cancer in male is very low. Men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases.Growing age Incidence of breast cancer is low before 40. In absolute term advancing age is the greatest risk for developing breast cancer. About 17% of the invading breast cancer diagnoses are women in their 40s. enchantment, 78% of the women diagnoses the same invasive breast cancer when they are in 50s or older transmissible predisposition Recent studies have shown that about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary as a result of gene changes (called mutations). The most common mutations are those of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genesFamily history of breast cancer Research has shown that women with a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk for developing the disease. Having 1 first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer approximately doubles a womans risk. Having 2, a first-degree relative increases her risk 5-fold. individual(prenominal) history of breast cancer A woman with cancer in one breast has a 3- to 4-fold increased risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. previous(predicate) age at menarche and late menopause Early menarche and late menopause both increase the risk of developing breast cancer.B. Risk modulators (Lifestyle-Related Breast Cancer Risk factors) prototypical birth at late age and low parity Delaying vaginal birth or remaining childlessincrease the risk of developing breast cancer. The higher parities and earlier ageat first pregnancy of women in more developing countries might account forlower incidence of breast cancer in relation to developed countries.Hormone Replace ment Therapy (HRT) It has rifle clear that long-term use(several years or more) of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT), particularlyestrogen and progesterone combined, increases risk of breast cancer.Alcohol function Recent studies have shown alcohol consumption increase the risk of breast cancer. In a summary analysis of epidemiologic studies, breast cancer risk increased between 40 and 70 percent with about two drinks daily.Obesity and high- modify diets The relation between the obesity, high fat recess and breast cancer is complex. Most of the studies found obesity and high fat consumption is the risk factors for developing breast cancer. But the relation seems to be not strong or consistent.1.4.2 Warning symptoms of Breast cancerEarly breast cancer is usually symptom less. But there are some symptoms develop as the cancer advances. Breast lump or breast mass is the main symptoms of the breast cancer.Lump are usually painless, impregnable to hard and usually with irregular borders. Every lump is not cancerous, sometimes some lumps or swelling in the breast tissue whitethorn be due to hormonal changes or benign (not harmful) in nature. Beside these some others symptoms are important, like Lump or mass in the axillary cavity A change in the size or shape of the breast Abnormal nipple dischargeUsually bloody or clear-to-yellow or green fluidMay look like pus (purulent) depart in the color or feel of the skin of the breast, nipple, or areolaDimpled, puckered, or scalyRetraction, orange peel appearanceRednessAccentuated veins on breast surfaceChange in appearance or whizz of the nipplePulled in (retraction), enlargement, or itching Breast pain, enlargement, or annoying on one side only Any breast lump, pain, tenderness, or other change in a man Symptoms of advanced disease are bone pain, weight loss, swelling of one arm,and skin ulceration(Source Medline plus Medical Encyclopedia Breast Cancer.)1.5 Research Objective1.5.1 oecumenic ObjectiveTo dete rmine the aim of the fellowship and practice toward breast self examination among year 2 female nursing student of University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu1.5.2 Specific objectives1. To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer examination2. To determine the practice of student on breast self examination.1.5.3 anticipate BenefitThe result of this study will identify level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community.1.5.4 Significance of go outBreast cancer is easier to threat the earlier it is found. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) monthly can detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence e arly treatment and to yield a better survival rate. Unfortunately , despite the benefit of regular BSE ,a few women actually examine themselves , in fact , majority does not even know how to do BSE and opinion conflict about the value of BSEmen who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) montly can detect aThe steer of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community.1.5.5 Scope of the projectReference population Student Nursing attending Medical and wellness attainment stave in UnisZA, Kuala TerengganuStudy subject Year 2 Nursing student in nursing Department at medication and Health Science in UnisZA during study period (1st January to 31 feign )1.5.6 Definition of termStudent anyone who is learnin g or someone who attends an educational institution (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia )Nurse is a healthcare professional, who on with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia )Knowledge expertise, and skills acquired by a person through and through experience or education the theoretical or practical collar of a subjectPractice a method of learning by repetitionBreast Self Examination is a method of finding abnormalities of the breast, for early detection of breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling.Chapter 2 publications ReviewAccording to Israa M. Alkhasawneh et al (2008) It is therefore important for nurses as educators to have appropriate information and positive attitude toward early detection of breast cancer. The provision of cancer screening behaviour can be mixed by the fear and uncertainty associated with cancer. Nurses knowledge and subtileness of breast cancer screening behaviour would impact patients behaviour by increasing their awareness.Forgetfulness is the most important reason for not perform BSE. Furthermore, the fear of finding a mass, not having self- say-so, not being knowledgeable about how to perform BSE, laziness, and the absence of breast cancer in the family were the other reasons students refrain from the procedure. The main reasons for not playacting BSE in the current study also were not know how to perform the examination, not having any previous problems in the breast, forgetfulness, and laziness. Sakine Memis (2009)Nursing profession is one of them, and it is very important for self carefulness to be able to recognize the signs of their own illness. Breast self-examination is an exam ination that should be perfect for nurses. They have the knowledge of the clinical signs of Breast Cancer and of the examination technique, and they can do it themselves without consulting a physician. Furthermore, they are especially aware of the impressiveness of the early detection of breast cancer for a successful treatment. It has been shown that confidence in ones BSE ability is strongly correlated to BSE practice in the general population.For more emphasis of BSE occurs in the prune place and in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, nurses, pedagogics of BSE to clients whitethorn be increased. Also, the provision of BSE educational programs is necessary to increase nurses knowledge, confidence, performance, and teaching of BSE.( Ali Abu-Salem 2007)It is supported by Agghababai sodabeh et al (2006) the nurses have a role for health and nature of the nurse client relationship facilitates opportunities for health education. Breast awareness will not necessarily translate in to women becoming more familiar with their own breast tissue, unless they are encouraged to look at and touch the breast as a normal part of self -care health behavior.Regarding to G Ertem, A Kocer a positive correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside BSE medical professionals. Almost all the nurses knew how to conduct BSE, but did not prioritize practicing it. Nurses have knowledge about breast cancer screening behavior, such as BSE, the rates of performance are not adequate. It is therefore recommended that to increase rates of regular breast cancer screening behavior, mass health overprotective programs be conducted, especially for female health workers who undertake the responsibility of altitude breast cancer prevention and awareness in society.. (2009)Dr.Osama et al dictatorial correlations were found between nursing work experience and their practice in BSE as working nurses. Studies like these can enhance the knowledge regarding BSE among nurses and other medical professionals. (2007)According to Roupa Z1., et al (2002) the majority of the subjects in student nurse acknowledged the usefulness and the convenience of BSE in the early detection of the breast cancer. The majority of the subjects fail to perform BSE regularly. Considerable percentages of the subjects in student groups have insufficient knowledge of BSE.From Mehregen Hj Mahmoodi et al (2002) Seventy-five percent of the women knew about breast cancer prevalence, but only 27% knew that breast pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Although 73% of women did know that contact with a relative with breast cancer could not lead to development of breast cancer, the respondents knowledge of risk factors of breast cancer was not satisfactory. With regard to womens attitudes toward BSE, the majority believed that it is not difficult and time consuming or troublesome (63% and 72%, respectively). Sixty-three percent of the respondents claimed that they know how to examine their breasts, but only 6% performed BSE monthly.From study Ozgul Karayurt (2008), 6.7% of the students were performing BSE monthly and 20.3% of the students were performing BSE irregularly. Students knowledge about BSE might have affected their monthly BSE performance. However, only a small number of students who had knowledge about the BSE procedure were performing BSE monthly. The most common reasons for not doing BSE were not knowing how to perform BSE (98.5%), not expecting to get breast cancer (45.6%) and not having a close relative with breast cancer (42.9%).Consistent with the results of this study, in many studies, students noted that they did not perform BSE because they did not know how to perform it 4,29, and that they did not have a family history of breast cancerChapter 3Research methodologyThis chapter contains the explore design adopted for the study, a definition of the study site, study population, sampling and sample size, data show apparatus and m ethod, data analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria and ethical considerations.3.2 Research designA cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of breast self examination.3,3 Sample size40 student of year 2 nursing student in department of nursing are selected as a sample for this study3.4 Sample criteriainclusion criteriafemaleage 18 years aboveyear 2 studentexclusion criteriamalebelow 18 yearsyear 1 and 3 student3.5 Data collection tool and methodData collection was accomplished using administered questionnaire (See appendix A). The questionnaire was divided into 3 major parts. cleave 1Socio demographic data age, education level, marital status, and number of children.. cryptanalysis for part 1 principal 1 Age suspense 2 primary = 1, secondary = 2, tertiary = 3, none = 4 distrust 3 Single = 1, married = 2, divorced = 3, widowed = 4, separated = 5 read/write head 4 none = 1, 1-5 = 2, 6-10 = 3, 10 = 4Part II Knowledge of breast self examinationCoding for part IIQuestion 5 S 1- S 5 True = 2 (correct answer ) ill-judged = 0Question 6 S 1 S 10 True -2(correct answer) fancied = 0Question 7 S1 true = 2 (correct answer) false = 0S2 S4 mistaken 2 (correct answer ) , True 0Question 8 S1- S3 True =2 (correct answer),false = 0Question 9 Yes = 0No= 2 (correct answer)Question 10 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 11 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 12 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 13 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 14 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 15 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 16 S 1 S 3 True -2(correct answer) False = 0Question17 S 1 S 2 True -2(correct answer) False = 0Part 111 PracticeQuestion 18 Yes = (Practice), no (not practice)Question 27.1 monthly- 1 , every six month 2, yearly- 3 , never practice- 4Question 27.2 forgetting = 1, not sure how to do it = 2, difficult to perform = 3,never taught how to do it = 4Data collection was done by the resear cher, from Feb. 2011 to mackintosh 2011 , which is a period of one months.3.6 Data analysisQuestionnaires were coded to suit figurer statistical package and data was imported into Statistical Package of fond Sciences (SPSS). Analysis was done using SPSS to calculate mean, standard deviation and frequence distribution according to knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination.Questions to assess the knowledge of breast self examinations and the knowledge questions were and the scores were categorizes as follows34 = high. The total marks for the knowledge are 703.7 Ethical considerationsThe research was commenced only after receiving the approval of the Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Faculty of Health Sciences- University Technology Mara, and the local authority from Dean, Medicine and Health Science Faculty UniSZA, written informed consent was sought from the study participants at the commencement of the study. The aims and objectives of the research were introduced to the participants.. They were informed that their participation was voluntary and they were free to castigate from the study at any stage. Participants were assured of their confidentiality while they participated in the study and privacy was maintained by not writing their names on the questionCHAPTER 4PRESENTATION OF RESULTS4.1.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondentsForty female student nursing student are participate in this study .the control board of the neighborly demographic characterized are shown on postpone 1.Majority of the female nursing student are same age, single and same educational level because they are join nursing course after Malaysian award Education (SPM)Table 1VariablesFrequency%Age00%20 and above40100%Education level thirdhand00Tertiary level40100% matrimonial statusSingle40100%Married00Widowed00Number of childrennone001-3004-5006004.1.2 aim of knowledge4.1.3 Symptoms of breast cancerVery few of the respondents that only 5 (12.5% ) kn ew that pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Majority of the respondents 37 (92.5%) knew that lump in the breast is a symptom of breast cancer. The commonest debut of breast cancer which is a painless breast lump only a third 16(40%) of the respondents knew about it. A very of the respondents 4 (10%) knew about nipple discharge as a symptom of breast cancer, while more of the respondents 35(87.5%) had knowledge on skin changes as shown on table 2 below.SymptomTrue%False%Pain in the breast3587.5512.5Lump in the breast3792.537.5Painless lump16402460 spoon food discharge4103690Skin changes3587.5512.5(Correct answer are highlighted in bold)4.1.4 Risk factor of breast cancerOnly one of the respondents 1(2.5%) did not knew about family history of breast cancer as a risk factor. That is same with risk factor where only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew about never given birth as a risk factor for breast cancer. This also applied to having many children, only one third of the responde nts 11(27.5%) knew that it was not a risk factor. more(prenominal) than fractional of the respondents 30 (75%) knew that advancing age is also a risk factor for breast cancer. More than a half of the respondents 37(92.5%) knew that breast feeding is not a risk factor for breast cancer. Very few of the respondents 5(12.5%) had knowledge that oral contraceptive is a risk factor for breast cancer.Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew that tobacco intake as well as excessive alcohol intake are risk factors for breast cancer respectively. One third of the respondents 12(30%) knew that high dietary intake is a risk factor. Being obese as one of the risk factor and more than half of the respondents 28(70%) knew about it. lose weight women is not a risk factor for breast cancer only 19(47.5%) knew about it, as shown on the table 3.Statementtrue%false%Family history3997.512.5never giving birth12.53997.5Having many children2972.51127.5Advancing age10253075Breast feeding3792.537.5OCP512. 53587.5Tobacco intake12.53997.5Excessive alcohol intake12.53997.5High dietary fat intake12302870Obesity28701230Thin women2152.51947.5(Correct answer are highlighted in bold)4.1.5 Protective factor of breast cancerTable 4 below shows the protective factors for breast cancer, All of the respondents 40(100%) and most of them knew that breast feeding is a protective factor for breast cancer and they also knew that not to be a breast feeding is not protective factor for breast cancer . The fact that you are young you are protected from the breast cancer, however half of the respondents 22(55%) knew about it. Having first child at older age to the highest degree half of the respondents 17(42.5%) knew that it is not a protective factor.Table 4statementtrue%false%Breast feeding401000ONot to breast feeding6153485Young age22551845Erderly primid2357.51742.5(Correct answer are highlighted in bold)4.1.6 Method can detect breast cancerMajority of the respondents 39(97.5%), and 38(95%) knew that breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammogr