Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay

Knowledge And Practice Toward doorknocker egotism psychometric test dumbbell nutrition turn outAbstractA cross-sectional written report was conducted to rise the companionship and pull towardtitty self- interrogatory ( mad cow complaint), among a sample of female nursing school- advance child in University sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu. Using a purposed questionnaire, a total of 40 nursing student eld 2 from Nursing Department entire the questionnaire. The mean shape up of the respondents was 20 years (SD = 3.7). All of respondent (100%) were single. The percent jump ons of nursing student toward dummy genus genus crabmeat and chest self trial were graduate(prenominal) (95%) seventy seven percent (77.5%) of respondent were put on the heart self inquiry and and twenty two were non run depreciator self run. nigh of respondent argon non regularly put to death pinhead self examination, yet 7.5% do it regularly. the obstacle to perform bovine spon giform encephalitis is not sure how to perform mad cow disease. The correction purposes suggest that the discernledge is but the practise is must be d iodine regularly because the carry should teach their client the right way to perform bovine spongiform encephalitis. If the nurse flowerpotnot do it in right step how fanny they al pitiful teach their clientChapter 1Background of study1. Prevalence and relative relative incidence knocker crabby person is the most roughhewn malignant neoplastic indisposition in women in most part of the world. in that location is a marked geographical variation in incidence place. In 2000, there were 1,050,346 cases reported with 372,969 deaths from dumbbell pubic louse world-wide. The incidence ranged from an add up of 95 per 100,000 in to a greater extent developed countries to 20 per 100,000 in less(prenominal) developed countries.The incidence (number of new malignant neoplastic infirmitys) is steadily increasing. The statistic s are more terrorisation in countries akin the USA where around 184,000 new cases of white meat genus Cancer are detected annu onlyy. The study pubic louse Institute estimates that by eon 50, one out of every 50 women will develop tit crabby person. By mount 80, it will rise to one in 10. If this pretend is calcu newd over their life sentence, one in 8 women will puzzle from boob crabmeat. champion in 28 will die of the disease. One in 3000 women develop meet crabby person during pregnancy and pregnant women prevail to develop them usually in their 30s. (Only 2% of white meat crab louses are diagnosed in pregnant women.)Presented in another wayEvery 3 minutes, one muliebrity is diagnosed with titty malignant neoplastic disease (USA)Every 11 minutes, one woman dies from summit crab louse (USA)Every year, 30,000 women and 200 men are diagnosed with thorax cancer (UK)In countries where positions excite been low, especially in Asia, the rate of increase h as been the greatest with steep increases in the incidence as well up as death rate (mortality).Adapted from American Cancer nightspot (2003). tit Cancer in MalaysiaBreast cancer was the beaten(prenominal)est overall cancer as well as the commonest cancer in women amongst all races from the age of 20 years in Malaysia for 2003 to 2005. Breast cancer is most common in the Chinese, followed by the Indians and then, Malays and knocker cancer formed 31.1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in women in 2003-2005.Source from the National Cancer RegistryThe succession Standardized Rate (ASR) of female boob cancer is 47.4 per 100,000 population (National Cancer Registry Report 2003-2005). Amongst the Chinese, it is high at 59.9 per 100,000 population, for the Indians, the ASR is 54.2 per 100,000 and it is lowest in the Malays at 34.9 per 100,000 population. A woman in Malaysia has a 1 in 20 chance of acquire nipple cancer in her lifetime The cumulative life time gamble of growth white meat cancer for Chinese women, Indian women and Malay women were 1 in 16, 1 in 17 and 1 in 28 respectively. The peak incidence appeared to be 50-59 years old. In comparison, the next (2nd) commonest cancer in Malaysian women in 2002 2003 was cancer of the cervix, which only formed 12% and 12.9% respectively of total female cancers. The statistics for Malaysia was sourced from the National Cancer Registry Reports 2002 and 2003. Over time, the pattern of cancers, including knocker cancer will be better established. It is only with continued reliable data that beta decisions on planning and policy management can be make for Malaysia.Estimates by the International Agency for question in Cancers reported that in 2000, there were 3825 cases reported and 1707 deaths from disparager cancer in Malaysia.Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy in Malaysia and all over the world. Its incidence in Malaysia in 2000 was 41.9 cases per 100,000. In 2002, 4337 cases of breast canc er were reported to the National Cancer Registry with an incidence rate of 52.8 per 100,000 and accounting for 30.4% of all diagnosed malignancies in Malaysian women. One in 9 Malaysian women has a chance of onto ingredientsis breast cancer. Breast cancer incidence in Malaysia is intermediate among grade of industrialized countries like the US 91/100,000 and evolution countries like India 19/100,000. This situation is not permanent since the rate in developing countries is rising as women adopt lifestyles of the developed countries. Disease danger varies by ethnicity. Lifetime hazard is 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for the Chinese, and 1 in 15 for Indians. The age at diagnosing shows an opposite pattern being highest in the Indians and lowest in the Malays. The differences among ethnic groups reflect different age structures and lifestyle choices (parity, breast feeding coiffure, diet). patrimonial risk components confound not been studies thoroughly in Malaysia. The risk o f the disease increases with age being maximal at age 50-59. Women in Malaysia inaugurate with larger tumors and at later stages than women in the US. Certain health beliefs, wishing of correct information, and inadequate health kick facilities are a bar to routine proterozoic on detection and intercession of the diseaseBreast Cancer is easier to treat the to begin with it is found. For that reason, more or less experts recommend that women over age 20 perform a monthly breast self examination to attend for new clunks and other changes.Breast self-examination is a simple, very low cost, non- invading adjuvant screening regularity for the detection of first breast cancer in women. Its purpose is important in case of a do reporting of breast symptoms which are important early detection messages for women of all ages, and to make women familiar with both the appearance and the feel of their breasts as early as doable. There is evidence that women who correctly practic e Breast self- examination monthly are more likely to detect a amass in the early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to becharm early treatment and to yield a better survival rateIt was found that mortality had fallen by 31%after 6-years for women senior(a) 40-70 at the beginning of the trial. unluckily despite the benefits of regular Breast self-examination, fewer women actually examine themselves in detail, majority does not even discern how to do Breast self examination. Although opinions conflict intimately the value of Breast Self Examination (BSE)1.2 Problem parameterBreast cancer is the befriend leading cause of cancer deaths in women today and is the most common cancer among women. .Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. There is a marked geographical difference in the worldwide incidence of breast cancer, with a higher incidence in developed countries compared to developing countries.According to Malaysia cancer statistic (data and figure 2006) found that the incidence of breast cancer case according to age amongst 0-9 years is 1 case, for to age 10-19 years 6 cases and 20-29 years is 78 cases. It is show increase in cases and it happening to all groups. Because of that, it is very important for someone to detect early sign and symptom of breast cancer. All groups should know how to perform Breast self examinationBreast self-examination (BSE) is a screening regularity used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible hoods, distortions or swelling.Breast self-examination (BSE) is a low-cost, low risk unconscious process that can be repeated at customary intervals, and has been advocated as a self-performed screening procedure.1.3 Researcher growTrough author experience as a staff nurse in hospital and community health author found that legion(predicate) younger women at age 15-24 came to clinic t o counteract the lumps because they dont know how to perform the right technique of breast self examination . Usually at this age they feel shy to invent their breast to be palpable. End of the result the condition becoming worse. And for author experience as a clinical instructor at Nursing department, a few of the student always came with complain of they have a lump at their breast but not sure it is a lump or anything elseIt is for this reason that the author chose to study students cognition and practice of breast cancer examination. Having the cognition of breast cancer could result in want medical attention early before complications develop.1.4 Risk calculates and symptoms of Breast cancer1.4.1 Risk parts and sign symptomsA risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, For exampleSmoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, and ischemic heart diseases. But having risk factor does not mean than the disease i s certain.Risk factors also can be divided into risk determinants and risk modulators. Determinants cannot be changed or captivated on the other hand risk modulators can be changed or influenced.A. Determinant risk factorsGender Being a woman is risk factors for breast cancer. Incidence of breast cancer in male is very low. Men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases.Growing age Incidence of breast cancer is low before 40. In absolute term advancing age is the greatest risk for developing breast cancer. About 17% of the invading breast cancer diagnoses are women in their 40s. enchantment, 78% of the women diagnoses the same invasive breast cancer when they are in 50s or older transmissible predisposition Recent studies have shown that about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary as a result of gene changes (called mutations). The most common mutations are those of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genesFamily history of breast cancer Research has shown that women with a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk for developing the disease. Having 1 first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer approximately doubles a womans risk. Having 2, a first-degree relative increases her risk 5-fold. individual(prenominal) history of breast cancer A woman with cancer in one breast has a 3- to 4-fold increased risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. previous(predicate) age at menarche and late menopause Early menarche and late menopause both increase the risk of developing breast cancer.B. Risk modulators (Lifestyle-Related Breast Cancer Risk factors) prototypical birth at late age and low parity Delaying vaginal birth or remaining childlessincrease the risk of developing breast cancer. The higher parities and earlier ageat first pregnancy of women in more developing countries might account forlower incidence of breast cancer in relation to developed countries.Hormone Replace ment Therapy (HRT) It has rifle clear that long-term use(several years or more) of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT), particularlyestrogen and progesterone combined, increases risk of breast cancer.Alcohol function Recent studies have shown alcohol consumption increase the risk of breast cancer. In a summary analysis of epidemiologic studies, breast cancer risk increased between 40 and 70 percent with about two drinks daily.Obesity and high- modify diets The relation between the obesity, high fat recess and breast cancer is complex. Most of the studies found obesity and high fat consumption is the risk factors for developing breast cancer. But the relation seems to be not strong or consistent.1.4.2 Warning symptoms of Breast cancerEarly breast cancer is usually symptom less. But there are some symptoms develop as the cancer advances. Breast lump or breast mass is the main symptoms of the breast cancer.Lump are usually painless, impregnable to hard and usually with irregular borders. Every lump is not cancerous, sometimes some lumps or swelling in the breast tissue whitethorn be due to hormonal changes or benign (not harmful) in nature. Beside these some others symptoms are important, like Lump or mass in the axillary cavity A change in the size or shape of the breast Abnormal nipple dischargeUsually bloody or clear-to-yellow or green fluidMay look like pus (purulent) depart in the color or feel of the skin of the breast, nipple, or areolaDimpled, puckered, or scalyRetraction, orange peel appearanceRednessAccentuated veins on breast surfaceChange in appearance or whizz of the nipplePulled in (retraction), enlargement, or itching Breast pain, enlargement, or annoying on one side only Any breast lump, pain, tenderness, or other change in a man Symptoms of advanced disease are bone pain, weight loss, swelling of one arm,and skin ulceration(Source Medline plus Medical Encyclopedia Breast Cancer.)1.5 Research Objective1.5.1 oecumenic ObjectiveTo dete rmine the aim of the fellowship and practice toward breast self examination among year 2 female nursing student of University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu1.5.2 Specific objectives1. To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer examination2. To determine the practice of student on breast self examination.1.5.3 anticipate BenefitThe result of this study will identify level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community.1.5.4 Significance of go outBreast cancer is easier to threat the earlier it is found. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) monthly can detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence e arly treatment and to yield a better survival rate. Unfortunately , despite the benefit of regular BSE ,a few women actually examine themselves , in fact , majority does not even know how to do BSE and opinion conflict about the value of BSEmen who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) montly can detect aThe steer of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community.1.5.5 Scope of the projectReference population Student Nursing attending Medical and wellness attainment stave in UnisZA, Kuala TerengganuStudy subject Year 2 Nursing student in nursing Department at medication and Health Science in UnisZA during study period (1st January to 31 feign )1.5.6 Definition of termStudent anyone who is learnin g or someone who attends an educational institution (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia )Nurse is a healthcare professional, who on with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia )Knowledge expertise, and skills acquired by a person through and through experience or education the theoretical or practical collar of a subjectPractice a method of learning by repetitionBreast Self Examination is a method of finding abnormalities of the breast, for early detection of breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling.Chapter 2 publications ReviewAccording to Israa M. Alkhasawneh et al (2008) It is therefore important for nurses as educators to have appropriate information and positive attitude toward early detection of breast cancer. The provision of cancer screening behaviour can be mixed by the fear and uncertainty associated with cancer. Nurses knowledge and subtileness of breast cancer screening behaviour would impact patients behaviour by increasing their awareness.Forgetfulness is the most important reason for not perform BSE. Furthermore, the fear of finding a mass, not having self- say-so, not being knowledgeable about how to perform BSE, laziness, and the absence of breast cancer in the family were the other reasons students refrain from the procedure. The main reasons for not playacting BSE in the current study also were not know how to perform the examination, not having any previous problems in the breast, forgetfulness, and laziness. Sakine Memis (2009)Nursing profession is one of them, and it is very important for self carefulness to be able to recognize the signs of their own illness. Breast self-examination is an exam ination that should be perfect for nurses. They have the knowledge of the clinical signs of Breast Cancer and of the examination technique, and they can do it themselves without consulting a physician. Furthermore, they are especially aware of the impressiveness of the early detection of breast cancer for a successful treatment. It has been shown that confidence in ones BSE ability is strongly correlated to BSE practice in the general population.For more emphasis of BSE occurs in the prune place and in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, nurses, pedagogics of BSE to clients whitethorn be increased. Also, the provision of BSE educational programs is necessary to increase nurses knowledge, confidence, performance, and teaching of BSE.( Ali Abu-Salem 2007)It is supported by Agghababai sodabeh et al (2006) the nurses have a role for health and nature of the nurse client relationship facilitates opportunities for health education. Breast awareness will not necessarily translate in to women becoming more familiar with their own breast tissue, unless they are encouraged to look at and touch the breast as a normal part of self -care health behavior.Regarding to G Ertem, A Kocer a positive correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside BSE medical professionals. Almost all the nurses knew how to conduct BSE, but did not prioritize practicing it. Nurses have knowledge about breast cancer screening behavior, such as BSE, the rates of performance are not adequate. It is therefore recommended that to increase rates of regular breast cancer screening behavior, mass health overprotective programs be conducted, especially for female health workers who undertake the responsibility of altitude breast cancer prevention and awareness in society.. (2009)Dr.Osama et al dictatorial correlations were found between nursing work experience and their practice in BSE as working nurses. Studies like these can enhance the knowledge regarding BSE among nurses and other medical professionals. (2007)According to Roupa Z1., et al (2002) the majority of the subjects in student nurse acknowledged the usefulness and the convenience of BSE in the early detection of the breast cancer. The majority of the subjects fail to perform BSE regularly. Considerable percentages of the subjects in student groups have insufficient knowledge of BSE.From Mehregen Hj Mahmoodi et al (2002) Seventy-five percent of the women knew about breast cancer prevalence, but only 27% knew that breast pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Although 73% of women did know that contact with a relative with breast cancer could not lead to development of breast cancer, the respondents knowledge of risk factors of breast cancer was not satisfactory. With regard to womens attitudes toward BSE, the majority believed that it is not difficult and time consuming or troublesome (63% and 72%, respectively). Sixty-three percent of the respondents claimed that they know how to examine their breasts, but only 6% performed BSE monthly.From study Ozgul Karayurt (2008), 6.7% of the students were performing BSE monthly and 20.3% of the students were performing BSE irregularly. Students knowledge about BSE might have affected their monthly BSE performance. However, only a small number of students who had knowledge about the BSE procedure were performing BSE monthly. The most common reasons for not doing BSE were not knowing how to perform BSE (98.5%), not expecting to get breast cancer (45.6%) and not having a close relative with breast cancer (42.9%).Consistent with the results of this study, in many studies, students noted that they did not perform BSE because they did not know how to perform it 4,29, and that they did not have a family history of breast cancerChapter 3Research methodologyThis chapter contains the explore design adopted for the study, a definition of the study site, study population, sampling and sample size, data show apparatus and m ethod, data analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria and ethical considerations.3.2 Research designA cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of breast self examination.3,3 Sample size40 student of year 2 nursing student in department of nursing are selected as a sample for this study3.4 Sample criteriainclusion criteriafemaleage 18 years aboveyear 2 studentexclusion criteriamalebelow 18 yearsyear 1 and 3 student3.5 Data collection tool and methodData collection was accomplished using administered questionnaire (See appendix A). The questionnaire was divided into 3 major parts. cleave 1Socio demographic data age, education level, marital status, and number of children.. cryptanalysis for part 1 principal 1 Age suspense 2 primary = 1, secondary = 2, tertiary = 3, none = 4 distrust 3 Single = 1, married = 2, divorced = 3, widowed = 4, separated = 5 read/write head 4 none = 1, 1-5 = 2, 6-10 = 3, 10 = 4Part II Knowledge of breast self examinationCoding for part IIQuestion 5 S 1- S 5 True = 2 (correct answer ) ill-judged = 0Question 6 S 1 S 10 True -2(correct answer) fancied = 0Question 7 S1 true = 2 (correct answer) false = 0S2 S4 mistaken 2 (correct answer ) , True 0Question 8 S1- S3 True =2 (correct answer),false = 0Question 9 Yes = 0No= 2 (correct answer)Question 10 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 11 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 12 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 13 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 14 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 15 Yes = 2 (correct answer)No= 0Question 16 S 1 S 3 True -2(correct answer) False = 0Question17 S 1 S 2 True -2(correct answer) False = 0Part 111 PracticeQuestion 18 Yes = (Practice), no (not practice)Question 27.1 monthly- 1 , every six month 2, yearly- 3 , never practice- 4Question 27.2 forgetting = 1, not sure how to do it = 2, difficult to perform = 3,never taught how to do it = 4Data collection was done by the resear cher, from Feb. 2011 to mackintosh 2011 , which is a period of one months.3.6 Data analysisQuestionnaires were coded to suit figurer statistical package and data was imported into Statistical Package of fond Sciences (SPSS). Analysis was done using SPSS to calculate mean, standard deviation and frequence distribution according to knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination.Questions to assess the knowledge of breast self examinations and the knowledge questions were and the scores were categorizes as follows34 = high. The total marks for the knowledge are 703.7 Ethical considerationsThe research was commenced only after receiving the approval of the Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Faculty of Health Sciences- University Technology Mara, and the local authority from Dean, Medicine and Health Science Faculty UniSZA, written informed consent was sought from the study participants at the commencement of the study. The aims and objectives of the research were introduced to the participants.. They were informed that their participation was voluntary and they were free to castigate from the study at any stage. Participants were assured of their confidentiality while they participated in the study and privacy was maintained by not writing their names on the questionCHAPTER 4PRESENTATION OF RESULTS4.1.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondentsForty female student nursing student are participate in this study .the control board of the neighborly demographic characterized are shown on postpone 1.Majority of the female nursing student are same age, single and same educational level because they are join nursing course after Malaysian award Education (SPM)Table 1VariablesFrequency%Age00%20 and above40100%Education level thirdhand00Tertiary level40100% matrimonial statusSingle40100%Married00Widowed00Number of childrennone001-3004-5006004.1.2 aim of knowledge4.1.3 Symptoms of breast cancerVery few of the respondents that only 5 (12.5% ) kn ew that pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Majority of the respondents 37 (92.5%) knew that lump in the breast is a symptom of breast cancer. The commonest debut of breast cancer which is a painless breast lump only a third 16(40%) of the respondents knew about it. A very of the respondents 4 (10%) knew about nipple discharge as a symptom of breast cancer, while more of the respondents 35(87.5%) had knowledge on skin changes as shown on table 2 below.SymptomTrue%False%Pain in the breast3587.5512.5Lump in the breast3792.537.5Painless lump16402460 spoon food discharge4103690Skin changes3587.5512.5(Correct answer are highlighted in bold)4.1.4 Risk factor of breast cancerOnly one of the respondents 1(2.5%) did not knew about family history of breast cancer as a risk factor. That is same with risk factor where only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew about never given birth as a risk factor for breast cancer. This also applied to having many children, only one third of the responde nts 11(27.5%) knew that it was not a risk factor. more(prenominal) than fractional of the respondents 30 (75%) knew that advancing age is also a risk factor for breast cancer. More than a half of the respondents 37(92.5%) knew that breast feeding is not a risk factor for breast cancer. Very few of the respondents 5(12.5%) had knowledge that oral contraceptive is a risk factor for breast cancer.Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew that tobacco intake as well as excessive alcohol intake are risk factors for breast cancer respectively. One third of the respondents 12(30%) knew that high dietary intake is a risk factor. Being obese as one of the risk factor and more than half of the respondents 28(70%) knew about it. lose weight women is not a risk factor for breast cancer only 19(47.5%) knew about it, as shown on the table 3.Statementtrue%false%Family history3997.512.5never giving birth12.53997.5Having many children2972.51127.5Advancing age10253075Breast feeding3792.537.5OCP512. 53587.5Tobacco intake12.53997.5Excessive alcohol intake12.53997.5High dietary fat intake12302870Obesity28701230Thin women2152.51947.5(Correct answer are highlighted in bold)4.1.5 Protective factor of breast cancerTable 4 below shows the protective factors for breast cancer, All of the respondents 40(100%) and most of them knew that breast feeding is a protective factor for breast cancer and they also knew that not to be a breast feeding is not protective factor for breast cancer . The fact that you are young you are protected from the breast cancer, however half of the respondents 22(55%) knew about it. Having first child at older age to the highest degree half of the respondents 17(42.5%) knew that it is not a protective factor.Table 4statementtrue%false%Breast feeding401000ONot to breast feeding6153485Young age22551845Erderly primid2357.51742.5(Correct answer are highlighted in bold)4.1.6 Method can detect breast cancerMajority of the respondents 39(97.5%), and 38(95%) knew that breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammogr